{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T19:38:54Z","timestamp":1765827534899,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["28-1102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28-1102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            is not a common causative agent of acute appendicitis. However, amoebic appendicitis can sometimes be severe and life threatening, mainly due to a lack of awareness. Also, its frequency, clinical features, and pathogenesis remain unclear. The study subjects were HIV-1-infected individuals who presented with acute appendicitis and later underwent appendectomy at our hospital between 1996 and 2014. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded preserved appendix specimens were reexamined by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and PCR to identify undiagnosed amoebic appendicitis. Appendectomies were performed in 57 patients with acute appendicitis. The seroprevalence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            was 33% (14\/43) from the available stored sera. Based on the medical records, only 3 cases were clinically diagnosed as amoebic appendicitis, including 2 diagnosed at the time of appendectomy and 1 case diagnosed by rereview of the appendix after the development of postoperative complications. Retrospective analyses using PAS staining and PCR identified 3 and 3 more cases, respectively. Thus,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection was confirmed in 9 cases (15.8%) in the present study. Apart from a significantly higher leukocyte count in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            -positive patients than in negative patients (median, 13,760 versus 10,385 cells\/\u03bcl, respectively,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.02), there were no other differences in the clinical features of the PCR-positive and -negative groups. In conclusion,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection was confirmed in 9 (15.8%) of the appendicitis cases. However, only 3, including one diagnosed after intestinal perforation, were diagnosed before the present analyses. These results strongly suggest there is frequently a failure to detect trophozoites in routine examination, resulting in an underestimation of the incidence of amoebic appendicitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01757-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T13:25:42Z","timestamp":1478784342000},"page":"313-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Underestimated Amoebic Appendicitis among HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Taiichiro","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Division of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Igari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Division of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Nakada-Tsukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Yagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyoshi","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuo","family":"Kaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihisa","family":"Tsukada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Gatanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"982","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Sifri CD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sifri CD Madoff LC . 2014. 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