{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:20:14Z","timestamp":1791202814940,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a ubiquitous and versatile pathogenic bacterium and is implicated in the etiology of the poultry diseases necrotic enteritis (NE) and poultry gangrene (PG). In this study, multilocus sequence typing was used to investigate genotypic relationships among 139\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from 74 flocks. These isolates had multiple disease, host, and environmental origins. The results indicated a polymorphic yet highly clonal population, with 79.6% of all isolates partitioning into one of six clonal complexes or two dominant sequence types, ST-9 and ST-31. The most prolific clonal complex, CC-1, contained 27.3% of all isolates and was not clearly associated with one particular disease. The subtypes CC-4 and ST-31 were highly associated with NE and represented 9.4% and 7.2% of the total isolates, respectively. No PG-associated and NE-associated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates shared the same sequence type or clonal complex. NE-associated subtypes were more clonal and appeared more evolutionarily divergent than PG-associated subtypes, which tended to cluster in the more ancestral lineages alongside isolates from asymptomatic chickens and turkeys. Toxin gene screening identified\n            <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n            throughout these isolates and correlated the presence of\n            <jats:italic>netB<\/jats:italic>\n            with NE pathology. Previous investigations into the genetic basis of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity have focused on toxins and other variable genetic elements. This study presents the first sequence-based comparison of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates recovered in clinical cases of PG and NE and demonstrates that niche specialization is observable in the core genomes of poultry-associated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, a concept with both epidemiological and evolutionary significance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01884-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,27]],"date-time":"2011-01-27T02:44:01Z","timestamp":1296096241000},"page":"1556-1567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Multilocus Sequence Typing Subtypes of Poultry Clostridium perfringens Isolates Demonstrate Disease Niche Partitioning"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"M. 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