{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:25:29Z","timestamp":1770287129781,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>There is an urgent need for simple, rapid, and affordable diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) to combat the great burden of the disease in developing countries. The microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) is a promising tool to fill this need, but it is not widely used due to concerns regarding its biosafety and efficiency. This study evaluated the automated MODS (Auto-MODS), which operates on principles similar to those of MODS but with several key modifications, making it an appealing alternative to MODS in resource-limited settings. In the operational setting of Chiang Rai, Thailand, we compared the performance of Auto-MODS with the gold standard liquid culture method in Thailand, mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 plus the SD Bioline TB Ag MPT64 test, in terms of accuracy and efficiency in differentiating TB and non-TB samples as well as distinguishing TB and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB samples. Sputum samples from clinically diagnosed TB and non-TB subjects across 17 hospitals in Chiang Rai were consecutively collected from May 2011 to September 2012. A total of 360 samples were available for evaluation, of which 221 (61.4%) were positive and 139 (38.6%) were negative for mycobacterial cultures according to MGIT 960. Of the 221 true-positive samples, Auto-MODS identified 212 as positive and 9 as negative (sensitivity, 95.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4% to 98.1%). Of the 139 true-negative samples, Auto-MODS identified 135 as negative and 4 as positive (specificity, 97.1%; 95% CI, 92.8% to 99.2%). The median time to culture positivity was 10 days, with an interquartile range of 8 to 13 days for Auto-MODS. Auto-MODS is an effective and cost-sensitive alternative diagnostic tool for TB diagnosis in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01946-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T08:20:55Z","timestamp":1415348455000},"page":"172-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Auto-MODS Assay, a Novel Tool for Tuberculosis Diagnosis for Use in Resource-Limited Settings"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Linwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohaib H.","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boonchai","family":"Chaiyasirinroje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB\/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somsak","family":"Rienthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supra-National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanida","family":"Rienthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supra-National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supalert","family":"Nedsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surakameth","family":"Mahasirimongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB\/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2013. Global tuberculosis report. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Tuberculosis control in the South-East Asia region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2012. Tuberculosis control in the South-East Asia region. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Tuberculosis diagnostic technology landscape","author":"World Health Organization UNITAID","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization UNITAID. 2012. Tuberculosis diagnostic technology landscape. UNITAID Secretariat, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1203-1208.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Noncommercial culture and drug-susceptibility testing methods for screening patients at risk for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2011. Noncommercial culture and drug-susceptibility testing methods for screening patients at risk for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.2.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Laboratory services in TB controls: parts I, II and III","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 1998. Laboratory services in TB controls: parts I, II and III. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Use of liquid TB culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) in low and medium income settings: summary report of the expert group meeting on the use of liquid culture media","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2007. Use of liquid TB culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) in low and medium income settings: summary report of the expert group meeting on the use of liquid culture media. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Tuberculosis diagnostic technology and market landscape","author":"World Health Organization UNITAID","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization UNITAID. 2014. Tuberculosis diagnostic technology and market landscape, 3rd ed. UNITAID Secretariat, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"MGIT procedure manual","author":"Siddiqi S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqi S, R\u00fcsch-Gerdes S. 2006. MGIT procedure manual. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.72157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00197-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"MODS: a user guide","author":"Coronel J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coronel J, Roper M, Caviedes L, Moore D. 2008. MODS: a user guide. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. http:\/\/www.modsperu.org\/MODS_user_guide.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"232","article-title":"Evaluation of p-nitro benzoic acid (pnb) inhibition test to differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-tuberculous mycobacteria using microscopic observation of drug susceptibility (MODS) methodology","volume":"61","author":"Agarwal A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Dhole TN, Sharma YK. 2014. Evaluation of p-nitro benzoic acid (pnb) inhibition test to differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-tuberculous mycobacteria using microscopic observation of drug susceptibility (MODS) methodology. Indian J Tuberc 61:232\u2013235.","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2010.03477.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"M.Sc. dissertation","author":"Li Q","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Q. 2013. Development of statistical methods for the analysis of high-dimensional biological data. M.Sc. dissertation. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01946-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01946-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T12:14:12Z","timestamp":1646482452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.01946-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"B. A.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.01946-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01946-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}