{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:09:29Z","timestamp":1791212969998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of typhoid fever, caused by\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar Typhi, remains largely unknown, in part because of a lack of blood or bone marrow culture facilities. We characterized a total of 323\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolates from outbreaks in Kenya over the period 1988 to 2008 for antimicrobial susceptibilities and phylogenetic relationships using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. There was a dramatic increase in the number and percentage of multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolates over the study period. Overall, only 54 (16.7%)\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolates were fully sensitive, while the majority, 195 (60.4%), were multiply resistant to most commonly available drugs\u2014ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole; 74 (22.9%) isolates were resistant to a single antimicrobial, usually ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, or tetracycline. Resistance to these antibiotics was encoded on self-transferrable IncHI1 plasmids of the ST6 sequence type. Of the 94 representative\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolates selected for genome-wide haplotype analysis, sensitive isolates fell into several phylogenetically different groups, whereas MDR isolates all belonged to a single haplotype, H58, associated with MDR and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility, which is also dominant in many parts of Southeast Asia. Derivatives of the same\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi lineage, H58, are responsible for multidrug resistance in Kenya and parts of Southeast Asia, suggesting intercontinental spread of a single MDR clone. Given the emergence of this aggressive MDR haplotype, careful selection and monitoring of antibiotic usage will be required in Kenya, and potentially other regions of sub-Saharan Africa.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01983-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]],"date-time":"2010-04-15T01:57:18Z","timestamp":1271296638000},"page":"2171-2176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Typhoid in Kenya Is Associated with a Dominant Multidrug-Resistant\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            <i>enterica<\/i>\n            Serovar Typhi Haplotype That Is Also Widespread in Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunturu","family":"Revathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kiiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris M.","family":"Mengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Mwituria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Muyodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Munyalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yik Y.","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00667-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02249-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"113","volume":"5","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carattoli, A. 2003. Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.5:113-122.","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507782332784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.895-897.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"91","volume":"82","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coovadia, Y. M., V. Gathiram, A. Bhamjee, K. Mlisana, N. Pillay, R. M. Garratt, T. Madlalose, and M. Short. 1992. The emergence of multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi in northern Natal-KwaZulu. Q. J. Med.82:91-100.","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01509-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"346","volume":"82","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crump, J. A., S. P. Luby, and E. D. Mintz. 2004. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull. World Health Organ.82:346-353.","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0606.000616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1477-1482.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46763-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"61","volume":"10","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kyobutungi, C., A. K. Ziraba, A. Ezeh, and Y. Y\u00e9. 2008. The burden of disease profile of residents of Nairobi's slums: results from a demographic surveillance system. Popul. Health Metr.10:61.","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00948-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11398.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1449-1452.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78338-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"1289","volume":"351","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parry, C., J. Wain, N. T. Chinh, H. Vinh, and J. J. Farrar. 1998. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Vietnam. Lancet351:1289.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00645-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"272","volume":"92","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weeramanthri, T. S., P. T. Corrah, D. C. Mabey, and B. M. Greenwood. 1989. Clinical experience with enteric fever in The Gambia, West Africa 1981-1986. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.92:272-275.","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01983-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01983-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T09:24:27Z","timestamp":1646472267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.01983-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.01983-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01983-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-04-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}