{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:20:56Z","timestamp":1782231656997,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2013KTZB03-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013KTZB03-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Social Development and Science and Technology Research Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2016SF-084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016SF-084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Accurate diagnosis of bacterial meningitis (BM) relies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Gram staining and bacterial culture, which often present high false-negative rates because of antibiotic abuse. Thus, a novel and reliable diagnostic biomarker is required. Procalcitonin (PCT) has been well demonstrated to be specifically produced from peripheral tissues by bacterial infection, which makes it a potential diagnostic biomarker candidate. Here, we performed a prospective clinical study comprising a total of 143 patients to investigate the diagnostic value of CSF PCT, serum PCT, and other conventional biomarkers for BM. Patients were assigned to the BM (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 49), tuberculous meningitis (TBM) (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 25), viral meningitis\/encephalitis (VM\/E) (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 34), autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 15), or noninflammatory nervous system diseases (NINSD) group (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 20). Empirical antibiotic pretreatment was not an exclusion criterion. Our results show that the CSF PCT level was significantly (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01) higher in patients with BM (median, 0.22 ng\/ml; range, 0.13 to 0.54 ng\/ml) than in those with TBM (median, 0.12 ng\/ml; range, 0.07 to 0.16 ng\/ml), VM\/E (median, 0.09 ng\/ml; range, 0.07 to 0.11 ng\/ml), AIE (median, 0.06 ng\/ml; range, 0.05 to 0.10 ng\/ml), or NINSD (median, 0.07 ng\/ml; range, 0.06 to 0.08 ng\/ml). Among the assessed biomarkers, CSF PCT exhibited the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.881; 95% confidence interval, 0.810 to 0.932; cutoff value, 0.15 ng\/ml; sensitivity, 69.39%; specificity, 91.49%). Our study sheds light upon the diagnostic dilemma of BM due to antibiotic abuse. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02278016.)\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02018-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T01:50:24Z","timestamp":1486605024000},"page":"1193-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis Patients with Empiric Antibiotic Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70048-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61185-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11530590-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00093-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0712-999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0439-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"236","article-title":"Procalcitonin in critical illness","volume":"3","author":"O'Connor E","year":"2001","unstructured":"O'Connor E Venkatesh B Lipman J Mashongonyika C Hall J . 2001. Procalcitonin in critical illness. Crit Care Resusc3:236\u2013243.","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.1.7089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90277-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00433.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655101753218337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0017-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318206c396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00158-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9441(99)90005-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.1999.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(99)90053-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2005.01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-55-3-594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0726-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833950dd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/6514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200006000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199206000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114583"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02018-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02018-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T09:56:39Z","timestamp":1646474199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.02018-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Onderdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.02018-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02018-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}