{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:04:37Z","timestamp":1791187477454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n            , is a geographically widespread disease that affects a broad range of mammals, including marine mammals. Among pinniped populations, periodic epizootics of leptospirosis are responsible for significant die-offs. Along the west coast of North America, the most recent leptospirosis epizootic occurred in 2004, during which samples were collected from cases ranging from California to British Columbia. The primary objective of this study was to use this well-defined sample set to determine the feasibility of using PCR techniques to diagnose\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n            infection among pinniped populations in comparison with diagnostic methodologies commonly used for marine mammals. Successful amplification was achieved from a variety of samples, including freshly collected urine, urine stored at \u221280\u00b0C for less than 6 months, and kidney (freshly collected, frozen, and decomposed), as well as feces- and urine-contaminated sand collected in the vicinity of a live-stranded animal. Pathological examination of tissue collected from\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected animals revealed the presence of leptospiral antigen in the kidneys. The use of species-specific primer pairs revealed a pattern of host specificity for\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n            in sea lions and\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n            in elephant seals. These studies indicate PCR is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for the detection of\n            <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n            infection in pinnipeds and reveal a potential source for epizootic, enzootic, and zoonotic spread of leptospirosis in a marine environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02022-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]],"date-time":"2008-03-27T01:00:42Z","timestamp":1206579642000},"page":"1728-1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Detection of Pathogenic\n            <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n            Bacteria in Pinniped Populations via PCR and Identification of a Source of Transmission for Zoonotic Leptospirosis in the Marine Environment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Zuerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Raverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Colegrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California"},{"name":"Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dyanna M.","family":"Lambourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Investigations, Tacoma, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Investigations, Tacoma, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Gulland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1145","volume":"187","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dierauf, L. A., D. J. Vandenbroek, J. Roletto, M. Koski, L. Amaya, and L. J. Gage. 1985. An epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.187:1145-1148.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.3.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-139-8-1691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.31.1.2005.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.4.572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"123","volume":"3","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khairani-Bejo, S., A. R. Bahaman, M. Zamri-Saad, and A. R. Mutalib. 2004. The survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in the Malaysian environment. J. Anim. Vet. Adv.3:123-129.","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"258","year":"1968","unstructured":"Luna, L. G. 1968. Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, p. 258. McGraw-Hill Company, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-13.2.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.2.407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"401","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tizard, I. 1987. Veterinary immunology: an introduction, p. 401. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.","journal-title":"Veterinary immunology: an introduction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"35","volume":"7","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trueba, G., S. Zapata, K. Madrid, P. Cullen, and D. Haake. 2004. Cell aggregation: a mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water. Int. Microbiol.7:35-40.","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3989.1250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.12.3284-3289.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.10.2612-2617.1997"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02022-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02022-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T06:25:31Z","timestamp":1646461531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.02022-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.02022-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02022-07","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-03-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}