{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1791060744539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Using the genomic sequence of\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n            strain 630, we developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) with automated fragment analysis and multicolored capillary electrophoresis as a typing method for\n            <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n            . All reference strains, representing 31 serogroups, 25 toxinotypes, and 7 known subtypes of PCR ribotype 001, could be discriminated from each other. Application of MLVA to 28 isolates from 7 outbreaks due to the emerging hypervirulent PCR ribotype 027-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type NAP1 resulted in recognition of 13 clusters. Additionally, 29 toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates belonging to PCR ribotype 017 from eight different countries revealed eight country-specific clusters. MLVA is a highly discriminatory genotyping method and a new tool for subtyping of newly emerging variants of\n            <jats:italic>C. difficile.<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02023-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,14]],"date-time":"2006-12-14T02:55:43Z","timestamp":1166064943000},"page":"1024-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Typing and Subtyping of\n            <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n            Isolates by Using Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Renate J.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Schaap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Templeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corne\u0301 H. W.","family":"Klaassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed J.","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"65","volume":"25","year":"1999","unstructured":"al Barrak, A., J. Embil, B. Dyck, K. Olekson, D. Nicoll, M. Alfa, and A. Kabani. 1999. An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian tertiary-care hospital. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep.25:65-69.","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2706-2714.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1","volume":"15","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2005. Outbreak of Clostridium difficile in a hospital in south east England. CDR Weekly15:1-2.","journal-title":"CDR Weekly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4112-4120.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2685-2696.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. 24 July 2006 posting date. Clostridium difficile : findings and recommendations from a review of the epidemiology and a survey of directors of infection prevention and control in England. Health Protection Agency London United Kingdom. [Online.] http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/infections\/topics_az\/clostridium_difficile\/documents\/Clostridium_difficile_survey_findings_recommendations.pdf\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.051350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200500096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02364-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1041104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"207","volume":"55","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pituch, H., J. S. Brazier, P. Obuch-Woszczatynski, D. Wultanska, F. Meisel-Mikolajczyk, and M. Luczak. 2005. Prevalence and association of PCR ribotypes of Clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic patients from Warsaw with macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) type resistance. J. Med. Microbiol.55:207-213.","journal-title":"J. Med. 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