{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:37:55Z","timestamp":1774730275702,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The clinical laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax is generally established by conventional microbiological methods, such as culture and directly straining smears of clinical specimens. However, these methods rely on recovery of viable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells from swabs of cutaneous lesions and often yield negative results. This study developed a rapid protocol for detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            on clinical swabs. Three types of swabs, flocked-nylon, rayon, and polyester, were evaluated by 3 extraction methods, the swab extraction tube system (SETS), sonication, and vortex. Swabs were spiked with virulent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells, and the methods were compared for their efficiency over time by culture and real-time PCR. Viability testing indicated that the SETS yielded greater recovery of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            from 1-day-old swabs; however, reduced viability was consistent for the 3 extraction methods after 7 days and nonviability was consistent by 28 days. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the PCR amplification was not impacted by time for any swab extraction method and that the SETS method provided the lowest limit of detection. When evaluated using lesion swabs from cutaneous anthrax outbreaks, the SETS yielded culture-negative, PCR-positive results. This study demonstrated that swab extraction methods differ in their efficiency of recovery of viable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. Furthermore, the results indicated that culture is not reliable for isolation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            from swabs at \u22657 days. Thus, we recommend the use of the SETS method with subsequent testing by culture and real-time PCR for diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax from clinical swabs of cutaneous lesions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02076-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,4]],"date-time":"2012-10-04T05:36:11Z","timestamp":1349328971000},"page":"3960-3967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Swab Protocol for Rapid Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Dauphin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioterrorism Rapid Response and Advanced Technology (BRRAT) Laboratory, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections (DPEI), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung K.","family":"Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses and Select Agent Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Bhullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioterrorism Rapid Response and Advanced Technology (BRRAT) Laboratory, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections (DPEI), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Preparedness and Response Branch (LPRB), Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections (DPEI), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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