{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:23:13Z","timestamp":1791994993575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]],"date-time":"2017-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI11081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI11081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272200900018C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272200900018C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GS35F0373X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GS35F0373X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOB1-31120-MK-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOB1-31120-MK-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The emergence and spread of drug-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (DR-TB) are critical global health issues. Eastern Europe has some of the highest incidences of DR-TB, particularly multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. To better understand the genetic composition and evolution of MDR- and XDR-TB in the region, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 138\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from 97 patients sampled between 2010 and 2013 in Minsk, Belarus. MDR and XDR-TB isolates were significantly more likely to belong to the Beijing lineage than to the Euro-American lineage, and known resistance-conferring loci accounted for the majority of phenotypic resistance to first- and second-line drugs in MDR and XDR-TB. Using a phylogenomic approach, we estimated that the majority of MDR-TB was due to the recent transmission of already-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains rather than repeated\n            <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n            evolution of resistance within patients, while XDR-TB was acquired through both routes. Longitudinal sampling of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            from 34 patients with treatment failure showed that most strains persisted genetically unchanged during treatment or acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones. HIV+ patients were significantly more likely to have multiple infections over time than HIV\u2212 patients, highlighting a specific need for careful infection control in these patients. These data provide a better understanding of the genomic composition, transmission, and evolution of MDR- and XDR-TB in Belarus and will enable improved diagnostics, treatment protocols, and prognostic decision-making.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02116-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T03:30:21Z","timestamp":1480563021000},"page":"457-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Provides Insight into the Evolution and Genetic Composition of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Belarus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kurt R.","family":"Wollenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT &amp; Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aksana","family":"Zalutskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vervara","family":"Slodovnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Oler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Abeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT &amp; Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead B.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT &amp; Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tartakovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Gabrielian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Hoffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliaksandr","family":"Skrahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Birren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT &amp; Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Cyber Infrastructure &amp; Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Skrahina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlee M.","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT &amp; Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2015. 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