{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:25:03Z","timestamp":1778599503651,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormalities in ciliary function, leading to compromised airway clearance and chronic bacterial infection of the upper and lower airways. The compositions of these infections and the relationships between their characteristics and disease presentation are poorly defined. We describe here the first systematic culture-independent evaluation of lower airway bacteriology in PCD. Thirty-three airway samples (26 from sputum, 7 from bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid) were collected from 24 PCD patients aged 4 to 73 years. 16S rRNA quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing were used to determine the bacterial loads and community compositions of the samples. Bacterial loads, which ranged from 1.3 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n            to 5.2 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU\/ml, were positively correlated with age (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.002) but not lung function. An analysis of \u223c7,000 16S rRNA sequences per sample identified bacterial species belonging to 128 genera. The concurrently collected paired samples showed high bacterial community similarity. The mean relative abundance of the dominant genera was 64.5% (standard deviation [SD], 24.5), including taxa reported through standard diagnostic microbiology (members of the genera\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) and those requiring specific\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            growth conditions (members of the genera\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Prevotella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Porphyromonas<\/jats:named-content>\n            ). The significant correlations observed included a positive relationship between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            relative abundance and age and a negative relationship between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            relative abundance and lung function. Members of the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ralstonia<\/jats:named-content>\n            were also found to contribute substantially to the bacterial communities in a number of patients. Follow-up samples from a subset of patients revealed high levels of bacterial community temporal stability. The detailed microbiological characterization presented here provides a basis for the reassessment of the clinical management of PCD airway infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02164-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T03:27:29Z","timestamp":1380166049000},"page":"4029-4035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Complexity, Temporal Stability, and Clinical Correlates of Airway Bacterial Community Composition in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Geraint B.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary P.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Masirah M.","family":"Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woolf","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W. V.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane S.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/1025448x.10008310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328329cddb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00176111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00176608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00320-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-365OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5176-5183.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2075OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1937OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1151OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-1993(13)60003-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062917"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.083147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3463-3466.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.010472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1731OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00407714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09081601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"Patient data registry annual data report 1996","author":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. 1997. 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