{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:47:03Z","timestamp":1789627623230,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Use of self-obtained vaginal specimens processed by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) has significantly increased the utilization of nontraditional locations for\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            screening programs. One important emerging source of such venues includes home-based self-sampling kits available via the Internet. The objective of our study was to evaluate the performance of three commercially available NAATs (Becton-Dickinson ProbeTec SDA, Gen-Probe Aptima Combo2 TMA, and Roche Amplicor PCR) for detection of\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            in vaginal samples obtained via an Internet-based screening program. From July 2004 to August 2005, 500 self-collected vaginal swabs were tested for\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            by using all three NAATs. Another 500 samples were collected between August 2005 and November 2007 and tested by ProbeTec and Combo2; PCR testing was discontinued due to low specificity for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            . All tests were conducted according to the manufacturers' procedures; the \u201cgold standard\u201d for an infected\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            patient was defined as \u22652 positive NAAT results. Of the first 500 swabs submitted, 46 were\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            infected (9.2%) and 5 were\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            infected (1.0%), and 3 of these were coinfected (0.6%). All\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            Combo2-positive\/ProbeTec-negative samples were confirmed as true positives by an alternative NAAT. For\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            , ProbeTec, Combo2, and PCR had sensitivities of 82.6%, 100%, and 100%, with specificities of 100%, 100%, and 99.3%, respectively. For\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , ProbeTec, Combo2, and PCR had sensitivities of 80%, 100%, and 100%, with specificities of 100%, 100%, and 98.8%, respectively. Of the total 1,000 swabs submitted, 92 were\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            infected (9.2%) and 15 were\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            infected (1.5%), and 7 of these were coinfected (0.7%). There were no ProbeTec-positive\/Combo2-negative samples. For\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            , ProbeTec and Combo2 had sensitivities of 81.5% and 100%, with specificities of 100% and 100%, respectively. For\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , ProbeTec and Combo2 had sensitivities of 80% and 100%, with specificities of 100% and 100%, respectively. Overall, ProbeTec had 17\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            false-negative results (1.7%) and 3\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            false-negative results (0.3%), while Combo2 had none. Our results were consistent with the sensitivities and specificities stated by the manufacturers. NAATs perform well for detection of chlamydia and gonorrhea with self-obtained vaginal swabs shipped in a dry state to a laboratory. For 1,000 self-collected vaginal swabs tested by NAATs, the sensitivities for\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            for Combo2 were 100% and 100%, while they were 81.5% and 80%, respectively, for ProbeTec. For 500 PCR samples, the\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            sensitivity was 100% and the\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            sensitivity was 100%, with specificities of 99.3% and 98.8%, respectively.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02387-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,23]],"date-time":"2009-04-23T01:25:32Z","timestamp":1240449932000},"page":"1663-1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Performance of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection of\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            by Use of Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs Obtained via an Internet-Based Screening Program"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Billie Jo","family":"Masek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bulbul","family":"Aumakhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hardick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Agreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilda","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Gaydos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, 530 Rangos Bldg., 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31816ddb9a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2006. 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000190057.61633.8d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2682-2685.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3300-3302.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4056-4059.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.2.386-390.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.758-761.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000200497.14326.fb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31816d1f6d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH05059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-002-0057-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.375-381.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31815d968d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000079048.11771.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"1","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson, R. 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