{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:56:46Z","timestamp":1791982606707,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Approximately 84% of legionellosis cases are due to\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1. Moreover, a majority of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1 clinical isolates react positively with monoclonal antibody 2 (MAb2) of the international standard panel. Over 94% of the legionellosis outbreaks investigated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are due to this subset of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1. To date, there is no complete explanation for the enhanced ability of these strains to cause disease. To better characterize these organisms, we subtyped 100 clinical\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1 isolates and 50 environmental\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1 isolates from the United States by (i) reactivity with MAb2, (ii) presence of a\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene required for the MAb2 epitope, and (iii) sequence-based typing analysis. Our results showed that the MAb2 epitope and\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene are overrepresented in clinical\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1 isolates. MAb2 recognized 75% of clinical isolates but only 6% of environmental isolates. Similarly, 75% of clinical isolates but only 8% of environmental isolates harbored\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            . We identified three distinct\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            alleles, referred to as Philadelphia, Arizona, and Lens alleles, among 79 isolates carrying this gene. The Arizona allele is described for the first time in this study. We identified 59 different sequence types (STs), and 34 STs (58%) were unique to the United States. Our results support the hypothesis that a select group of STs may have an enhanced ability to cause legionellosis. Combining sequence typing and\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            analysis shows that STs tend to associate with a single\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            allele type, suggesting a hierarchy of virulence genotypes. Further analysis of ST and\n            <jats:italic>lag-1<\/jats:italic>\n            profiles may identify genotypes of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            serogroup 1 that warrant immediate intervention.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02410-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,25]],"date-time":"2009-06-25T02:13:44Z","timestamp":1245896024000},"page":"2525-2535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Distribution of\n            <i>lag-1<\/i>\n            Alleles and Sequence-Based Types among\n            <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>\n            Serogroup 1 Clinical and Environmental Isolates in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Kozak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole T.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Thomas H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathCon Laboratories, Norcross, Georgia 30092"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry S.","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Bartram J. 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