{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:04:42Z","timestamp":1790485482032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            This study was conducted to determine the frequency and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of\n            <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n            , the predominant species causing shigellosis in Belgium. Between 1990 and 2007, a total of 7,307 strains, mainly (98.2%) isolated from stools, were diagnosed by peripheral laboratories before being confirmed as\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            strains by serotyping by the National Reference Center of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n            . A significant increase in resistances to tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and cotrimoxazole (i.e., trimethoprim in combination with sulfonamides) was observed during this period. Since 1998, resistance to nalidixic acid also increased to reach a peak (12.8%) of resistant isolates in 2004. Concomitantly, multidrug resistance (MDR) in this species emerged in 2007, with 82% of total isolates being MDR. However, during this 18-year period, all isolates remained fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The work includes the molecular characterization of mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole and class 1 and class 2 integrons.\n            <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n            acquired antimicrobial resistance to traditional antibiotics (ampicillin and tetracycline) by horizontal gene transfer, while the genetic stability of transposons was responsible for a high (89%) proportion of resistance to a commonly prescribed antibiotic (cotrimoxazole). Therefore, cotrimoxazole should no longer be considered appropriate as empirical therapy for treatment of shigellosis in Belgium when antibiotics are indicated. Rates of resistance to nalidixic acid should also be attentively monitored to detect any shift in fluoroquinolone resistance, because it represents the first line among antibiotics used in the treatment of shigellosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02460-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,26]],"date-time":"2009-03-26T01:50:05Z","timestamp":1238032205000},"page":"1379-1385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Surveillance of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among\n            <i>Shigella sonnei<\/i>\n            Strains Isolated in Belgium during the 18-Year Period 1990 to 2007"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Vrints","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mairiaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Quality Assurance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Van Meervenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-M.","family":"Collard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology"},{"name":"CERMES, Centre de Recherche Me\u0301dicale et Sanitaire, Re\u0301seau International des Instituts Pasteur, B.P. 10887 Niamey, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.827-829.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46725-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7229.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"382","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ashkenazi, S. 1999. Shigella spp., p. 382-387. In V. L. Yu, T. C. Merigan, and S. L. Borriere (ed.), Antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. Williams & Wilkins Press, Baltimore, MD.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial therapy and vaccines"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1455","volume":"9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Casin, I., J. Breuil, J. P. Darchis, C. Guelpa, and E. Collatz. 2003. Fluoroquinolone resistance linked to gyrA, gyrB, and parC mutations in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium isolates in humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9:1455-1457.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"234","volume":"39","year":"1981","unstructured":"Chasseur-Libotte, M. L., and G. Ghysels. 1981. Biochemistry, antibiotic resistance and colicinogeny of Shigella sonnei in Belgium 1977-1978. Arch. Belg. Med. Soc.39:234-240. (In French.)","journal-title":"Arch. Belg. Med. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1919-1924.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.6.1712-1721.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"S17","volume":"9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iversen, J., D. Sandvang, A. Srijan, P. D. Cam, and A. Dalsgaard. 2003. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in Shigella spp. from patients in Vietnam. Microb. Drug Resist.9(Suppl. 1):S17.","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"863","volume":"38","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mamatha, B., B. R. Pusapati, and C. Rituparna. 2007. Changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella serotypes isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Manipal, South India, a 5 year study. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health38:863-866.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. 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