{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:20:48Z","timestamp":1785781248568,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Triple-site testing (using pharyngeal, rectal, and urethral\/first-void urine samples) for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            using nucleic acid amplification tests detects greater numbers of infections among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, triple-site testing represents a cost pressure for services. MSM over 18 years of age were eligible if they requested testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reported recent sexual contact with either\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            or\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , or had symptoms of an STI. Each patient underwent standard-of-care (SOC) triple-site testing, and swabs were taken to form a pooled sample (PS) (pharyngeal, rectal, and urine specimens). The PS was created using two methods during different periods at one clinic, but we analyzed the data in combination because the sensitivity of the two methods did not differ significantly for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.774) or\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.163). The sensitivity of PS testing (92%) was slightly lower than that of SOC testing (96%) for detecting\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.167). For\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the sensitivity of PS testing (90%) was significantly lower than that of SOC testing (99%) (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). When pharynx-only infections were excluded, the sensitivity of PS testing to detect\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections increased to 94%. Our findings show that pooling of self-taken samples could be an effective and cost-saving method, with high negative predictive values. (Interim results of this study were presented at the BASHH 2013 summer meeting.)\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02460-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T03:03:08Z","timestamp":1451530988000},"page":"650-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The \u201c3 in 1\u201d Study: Pooling Self-Taken Pharyngeal, Urethral, and Rectal Samples into a Single Sample for Analysis for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex with Men"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Carrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Brima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Copas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mercey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Public Health England. 2015. Sexually transmitted infections and chlamydia screening in England 2014. Health Prot Rep 9(22):1\u201320. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/437433\/hpr2215_STI_NCSP_v6.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182401a2f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833a88a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318195bd2b"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasse A Defraye A. 2009. HIV infections and STI co-infections in men who have sex with men in Belgium: sustained increase in HIV diagnoses. Euro Surveill 14(47):pii=19420. http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19420.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.47.19420-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"HIV and sexually transmitted diseases: lethal synergy","volume":"12","author":"Cohen MS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen MS. 2004. HIV and sexually transmitted diseases: lethal synergy. Top HIV Med 12:104\u2013107.","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010249"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","volume-title":"Recommendations for testing for sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men","author":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV","year":"2014","unstructured":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2014. Recommendations for testing for sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV, Macclesfield, United Kingdom. http:\/\/www.bashh.org\/documents\/BASHH%20Recommendations%20for%20testing%20for%20STIs%20in%20MSM%20-%20FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034140"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.031773"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.021329"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032193"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.031443"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.1.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.3.208"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1775-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05341-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052270.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498904"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318284e544"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02460-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.02460-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T08:48:48Z","timestamp":1646470128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.02460-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"E.","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.02460-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02460-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-12-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}