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Because\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cannot be reliably cultured\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , it has proven difficult to study and gaps in our understanding of the organism persist. The release of a draft genome for the organism opens the door for the development of new genotyping approaches for studying its molecular epidemiology and global population structure. We identified and validated 8 putatively neutral microsatellite markers and 1 microsatellite marker linked to the dihydropteroate synthase gene (\n                    <jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the enzymatic target of sulfa drugs used for PcP prevention and treatment. Using these tools, we analyzed\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    isolates from HIV-infected patients from three geographically distant populations: Uganda, the United States, and Spain. Among the 8 neutral markers, we observed high levels of allelic heterozygosity (average H\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 0.586 to 0.842). Consistent with past reports, we observed limited global population structuring, with only the Ugandan isolates showing minor differentiation from the other two populations. In Ugandan isolates that harbored mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the microsatellite locus linked to\n                    <jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated a depressed H\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    , consistent with positive directional selection for sulfa resistance mutations. Using a subset of these microsatellites, analyses of individual and paired samples from infections in San Francisco, CA, showed reliable typeability within a single infection and high discriminatory power between infections. These features suggest that this novel microsatellite typing approach will be an effective tool for molecular-epidemiological investigations into\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    population structure, transmission, and drug resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02531-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T01:02:33Z","timestamp":1392253353000},"page":"1391-1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Multilocus Microsatellite Genotyping Array for Investigation of Genetic Epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Parobek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Y.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaymin C.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam J.","family":"Alvarez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic-CRESIB (Barcelona Centre for International Health Research), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Miro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Worodria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Andama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Meshnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1922","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of AIDS in the era of pneumocystis prophylaxis","volume":"329","author":"Hoover DR","year":"1993","unstructured":"HooverDRSaahAJBacellarHPhairJDetelsRAndersonRKaslowRA. 1993. 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