{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1790833290081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The United States has experienced a substantial increase in the reported incidence of cryptosporidiosis since 2005. Accompanying this is the emergence of a new subtype of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptosporidium hominis<\/jats:named-content>\n            based on variation at the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) locus, IaA28R4, which has become a frequently identified subtype in both sporadic and outbreak-related cases. In this study, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at eight genetic loci, we characterized 62 specimens of IaA28R4 and 33 specimens of three other gp60 subtypes of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. hominis<\/jats:named-content>\n            from four U.S. states with increased cryptosporidiosis incidences during the summer of 2008. Extensive genetic heterogeneity was seen within the gp60 subtype IaA28R4, but specimens from Ohio and southwestern states formed two distinct subpopulations, suggesting that there were at least two origins of IaA28R4 within the United States. Discordance in typing results was observed between gp60 and other genetic markers, especially DZ-HRGP, and this discordance was largely the result of genetic recombination within the gp60 subtype IaA28R4. The results of population genetic analyses supported the presence of two subpopulations of IaA28R4 and the occurrence of genetic recombination within this gp60 subtype. Thus, the IaA28R4 subtype at gp60 is likely a fitness marker for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. hominis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and genetic recombination is potentially a driving force in the emergence of the virulent IaA28R4 subtype in the United States. A rapid evolution of IaA28R4 was indicated by the observation of multiple MLST subtypes of IaA28R4 within two large outbreaks that lasted for extended periods and involved multiple swimming pools.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02973-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]],"date-time":"2013-12-05T02:02:43Z","timestamp":1386208963000},"page":"524-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Multilocus Sequence Typing of an Emerging Cryptosporidium hominis Subtype in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yaoyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narry","family":"Tiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Hlavsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.091101p1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b9869f"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States, 2003\u20132005","volume":"56","author":"Yoder JS","year":"2007","unstructured":"YoderJSBeachMJ. 2007. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States, 2003\u20132005. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 56(SS-7):1\u201310.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States 1999\u20132002","volume":"54","author":"Hlavsa MC","year":"2005","unstructured":"HlavsaMCWatsonJCBeachMJ. 2005. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States 1999\u20132002. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 54(SS-1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States, 2006\u20132008","volume":"59","author":"Yoder JS","year":"2010","unstructured":"YoderJSHarralCBeachMJ. 2010. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States, 2006\u20132008. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 59(SS-6):1\u201314.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. 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Euro Surveill. 18:pii=20348. http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20348.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.02.20348-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00226-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a man-made chlorinated lake\u2014Tarrant County, Texas, 2008","volume":"75","author":"Cantey PT","year":"2012","unstructured":"CanteyPTKurianAKJeffersonDMoerbeMMMarshallKBlankenshipWRRothbarthGRHwangJHallRYoderJBrunkardJJohnstonSXiaoLHillVRSariskyJZarate-BermudezMAOttoCHlavsaMC. 2012. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a man-made chlorinated lake\u2014Tarrant County, Texas, 2008. J. Environ. Health 75:14\u201319.","journal-title":"J. Environ. 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