{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:45:21Z","timestamp":1790682321401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            acts as a pathobiont in the dysbiotic human intestinal microbiota, causing antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC), but it also infects other organs, resulting in pneumonia and urinary tract and skin infections. The virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            is still poorly understood. The production of a specific cytotoxin has been linked to AAHC pathogenesis. To investigate the clonal relationships of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            with regard to clinical origin and virulence attributes, we established a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method and analyzed 74 clinical\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from asymptomatic carriers and patients with AAHC, respiratory infections, and other infections. The isolates were phenotypically characterized, typed, and compared phylogenetically based on the sequences of seven housekeeping genes. MLST analysis yielded 60 sequence types, 12 of which were represented by more than one isolate. The phylogenetic tree distinguished clusters of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates between patients with AAHC and those with respiratory infections. Toxin-positive and -negative strains were observed within one sequence type. Our findings indicate that AAHC isolates share a genetic background. Interestingly,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from nosocomial pneumonia showed a different genetic clustering, suggesting that these strains do not originate from the intestines or that they are specialized for respiratory tract colonization. Our results further indicate a polyphyletic origin and possible horizontal transfer of the genes involved in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            cytotoxin production. This work provides evidence that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">K. oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates colonizing the two main clinically relevant habitats (lower gastrointestinal [GI] tract and respiratory tract) of the human host are genetically distinct. Applications of this MLST analysis should help clarify the sources of nosocomial infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.03373-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T05:33:33Z","timestamp":1394084013000},"page":"1607-1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Genotypes of Klebsiella oxytoca Isolates from Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia Are Distinct from Those of Isolates from Patients with Antibiotic-Associated Hemorrhagic Colitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kathrin A. 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