{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:01:00Z","timestamp":1793134860787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sputum samples from new tuberculosis (TB) cases were collected over 2 years as part of a prospective study in the northeastern part of Lima, Peru. To measure the contribution of recent transmission to the high rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) in this area,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            complex (MTBc) isolates were tested for drug susceptibility to first-line drugs and were genotyped by spoligotyping and 15-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit (MIRU-15)-variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis. MDR was found in 6.8% of 844 isolates, of which 593 (70.3%) were identified as belonging to a known MTBc lineage, whereas 198 isolates (23.5%) could not be assigned to these lineages and 12 (1.4%) represented mixed infections. Lineage 4 accounted for 54.9% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 463) of the isolates, most of which belonged to the Haarlem family (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 279). MIRU-15 analysis grouped 551\/791 isolates (69.7%) in 102 clusters, with sizes ranging from 2 to 46 strains. The overall high clustering rate suggests a high level of recent transmission in this population, especially among younger patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.6;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.01). Haarlem strains were more prone to cluster, compared to the other families taken together (OR, 2.0;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.0001), while Beijing (OR, 0.6;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.006) and LAM (OR, 0.7;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.07) strains clustered less. Whereas streptomycin-resistant strains were more commonly found in clusters (OR, 1.8;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.03), clustering rates did not differ between MDR and non-MDR strains (OR, 1.8;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.1). Furthermore, only 16\/51 MDR strains clustered with other MDR strains, suggesting that patients with primary MDR infections acquired the infections mostly from index cases outside the study population, such as retreated cases.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.03585-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]],"date-time":"2015-03-26T09:31:26Z","timestamp":1427362286000},"page":"1854-1863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Families and High Rates of Recent Transmission among New Cases Are Not Associated with Primary Multidrug Resistance in Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Barletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouke C.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Unit, Serekunda, The Gambia"},{"name":"New York University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomotada","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Arikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van der Stuyft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Disease Control Section, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Merker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Uwizeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Seas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Rigouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2014. 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