{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:08Z","timestamp":1791266948925,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>is a taxonomic designation that encompasses a broad variety of spore-forming, Gram-positive bacteria producing the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT).<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>is the etiologic agent of botulism, a rare but severe neuroparalytic disease. Fine-resolution genetic characterization of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>isolates of any BoNT type is relevant for both epidemiological studies and forensic microbiology. A 10-locus multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was previously applied to isolates of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>type A. The present study includes five additional loci designed to better address proteolytic B and F serotypes. We investigated 79<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>group I strains isolated from human and food samples in several European countries, including types A (28), B (36), AB (4), and F (11) strains, and 5 nontoxic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium sporogenes<\/jats:named-content>. Additional data were deduced from<jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>analysis of 10 available fully sequenced genomes. This 15-locus MLVA (MLVA-15) scheme identified 86 distinct genotypes that clustered consistently with the results of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and MLVA genotyping in previous reports. An MLVA-7 scheme, a subset of the MLVA-15, performed on a lab-on-a-chip device using a nonfluorescent subset of primers, is also proposed as a first-line assay. The phylogenetic grouping obtained with the MLVA-7 does not differ significantly from that generated by the MLVA-15. To our knowledge, this report is the first to analyze genetic variability among all of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>group I serotypes by MLVA. Our data provide new insights into the genetic variability of group I<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>isolates worldwide and demonstrate that this group is genetically highly diverse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.05396-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,20]],"date-time":"2011-10-20T02:42:29Z","timestamp":1319078549000},"page":"4252-4263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Clostridium botulinum Group I Strain Genotyping by 15-Locus Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Molecular Biology Section, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Molecular Biology Section, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Gorg\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Analytical Microbiology, DGA CBRN Defense, BP3, 91710 Vert le Petit, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ramisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Analytical Microbiology, DGA CBRN Defense, BP3, 91710 Vert le Petit, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Vergnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Orsay F-91405, France"},{"name":"CNRS, Orsay F-91405, France"},{"name":"DGA\/MRIS\u2014Mission pour la Recherche et l'Innovation Scientifique, 92221 Bagneux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Riehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf D.","family":"Splettstoesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Kieboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Defense, Security and Safety, P.O. 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