{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1780506422049,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Hepatitis E is recognized as a zoonosis, and swine are known reservoirs, but how broadly enzootic its causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), is remains controversial. To determine the prevalence of HEV infection in animals, a serological assay with capability to detect anti-HEV-antibody across a wide variety of animal species was devised. Recombinant antigens comprising truncated capsid proteins generated from HEV-subgenomic constructs that represent all four viral genotypes were used to capture anti-HEV in the test sample and as an analyte reporter. To facilitate development and validation of the assay, serum samples were assembled from blood donors (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 372), acute hepatitis E patients (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 94), five laboratory animals (rhesus monkey, pig, New Zealand rabbit, Wistar rat, and BALB\/c mouse) immunized with HEV antigens, and four pigs experimentally infected with HEV. The assay was then applied to 4,936 sera collected from 35 genera of animals that were wild, feral, domesticated, or otherwise held captive in the United States. Test positivity was determined in 457 samples (9.3%). These originated from: bison (3\/65, 4.6%), cattle (174\/1,156, 15%), dogs (2\/212, 0.9%), Norway rats (2\/318, 0.6%), farmed swine (267\/648, 41.2%), and feral swine (9\/306, 2.9%). Only the porcine samples yielded the highest reactivities. HEV RNA was amplified from one farmed pig and two feral pigs and characterized by nucleotide sequencing to belong to genotype 3. HEV infected farmed swine primarily, and the role of other animals as reservoirs of its zoonotic spread appears to be limited.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.05481-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T05:30:44Z","timestamp":1318483844000},"page":"4164-4172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Restricted Enzooticity of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes 1 to 4 in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiu-Hong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia R.","family":"Feagins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Jin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia M.","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potawatomi Zoo, South Bend, Indiana"},{"name":"Present address: Albuquerque BioPark, Albuquerque, NM."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Corn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory E.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin L.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Furkids, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald L.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Pilny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Animal Specialty Center, Yonkers, New York"},{"name":"Present address: VIMA Specialists, New York, NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. 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