{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:51:57Z","timestamp":1790790717214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The occurrence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections in patients that do not fulfill the classical risk factors prompted us to investigate new risk factors of disease. The goal of this study was to characterize strains and associated antimicrobial resistance determinants of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolated from swine raised in Ohio and North Carolina. Genotypic approaches used include PCR detection, toxinotyping, DNA sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) DNA fingerprinting. Thirty-one percent (37\/119) of isolates carried both\n            <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>tetW<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. The\n            <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was found in 91% of isolates that were resistant to erythromycin (68\/75). Eighty-five percent (521\/609) of isolates were toxin gene\n            <jats:italic>tcdB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n            positive. A total of 81% (494\/609) of isolates were positive for\n            <jats:italic>cdtB<\/jats:italic>\n            and carry a\n            <jats:italic>tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n            gene (a toxin gene negative regulator) with a 39-bp deletion. Overall, 88% (196\/223) of pigs carry a single\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain, while 12% (27\/223) of pigs carried multiple strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of individual pigs found to carry more than one strain type of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            . A significant difference in toxinotype profiles in the two geographic locations was noted, with a significantly (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001) higher prevalence of toxinotype V found in North Carolina (84%; 189\/224) than in Ohio (55%; 99\/181). Overall, the study findings indicate that significant proportions of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            in swine are toxigenic and often are associated with antimicrobial resistance genes, although they are not resistant to drugs that are used to treat\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.06581-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]],"date-time":"2012-04-20T00:13:41Z","timestamp":1334880821000},"page":"2366-2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxinotype, and Genotypic Profiling of Clostridium difficile Isolates of Swine Origin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Pamela R.","family":"Fry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Abley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wondwossen A.","family":"Gebreyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02459-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01790.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05177-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01536-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2009.21.5.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.11.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45807-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-6-814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01484-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5710-5714.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05771.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-7-1343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05007-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.12.2823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.051581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.8.2240-2247.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10288.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00598-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05053-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Infection of neonatal swine with Clostridium difficile","volume":"8","author":"Songer JG","year":"2000","unstructured":"SongerJG PostKW LarsonDJ JostBH GlockRD. 2000. 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