{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:17:41Z","timestamp":1780676261089,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources and expertise to perform the microscopic agglutination test. There is a need for rapid and simple serological tests which facilitate the early diagnosis of leptospirosis, while antibiotic therapy may be most effective. A commercially available indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA; MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.) was evaluated with multiple serum specimens from 107 patients being investigated for leptospirosis. By using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies and the microscopic agglutination test, 54 patients were found to have leptospirosis and 53 were found not to have leptospirosis. The sensitivity of IHA for the detection of acute leptospirosis was 100%, the specificity was 94%, the positive predictive value was 95%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. IHA was negative when 13 antinuclear antibody-positive sera, 24 serum specimens from patients with syphilis, and 16 serum specimens false positive by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test were tested. IHA was shown to detect both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies in human sera. Serum specimens from 27 dogs investigated for leptospirosis were studied: 3 samples gave nonspecific hemagglutination, but for all remaining samples, the results of IHA and an IgM ELISA were concordant. Performance of IHA was simple, and IHA requires no specialized equipment. It represents a useful assay for laboratories which require a leptospiral diagnostic capability but lack the expertise to perform specialist investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.36.1.11-14.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:19:10Z","timestamp":1577812750000},"page":"11-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Levett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Leptospira Laboratory, Ministry of Health &amp; the Environment,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->School of Clinical Medicine &amp; Research, University of the West Indies,2 Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol U.","family":"Whittington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Leptospira Laboratory, Ministry of Health &amp; the Environment,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.11.5.452-457.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"395","article-title":"Evaluation of the one-point microcapsule agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"72","author":"Arimitsu Y.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arimitsu Y. Kmety E. Ananyina Y. Baranton G. Ferguson I. R. Smythe L. Terpstra W. J. Evaluation of the one-point microcapsule agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis.Bull. W. H. O. 72 1994 395 399","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"The magnitude and duration of titres of leptospiral agglutinins in human sera","volume":"97","author":"Blackmore D. K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Blackmore D. K. Schollum L. M. Moriarty K. M. The magnitude and duration of titres of leptospiral agglutinins in human sera.N. Z. Med. J. 97 1984 83 86","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0301.970114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Barbados: a clinical study","volume":"39","author":"Edwards C. N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edwards C. N. Nicholson G. D. Hassell T. A. Everard C. O. R. Callender J. Leptospirosis in Barbados: a clinical study.West Indian Med. J. 39 1990 27 34","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Faine\nS.\nGuidelines for the control of leptospirosis.\n1982\nWorld Health Organization\nGeneva Switzerland"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Faine\nS.\nLeptospira and leptospirosis.\n1994\nCRC Press Inc.\nBoca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"A rapid microscopic-slide screening test for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"19","author":"Galton M. M.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Galton M. M. Powers D. K. Hall A. M. Cornell R. G. A rapid microscopic-slide screening test for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.Am. J. Vet. Res. 19 1958 505 512","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.92-97.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Levett\nP. N.\nWhittington\nC. U.\nEvaluation of indirect hemagglutination for early detection of leptospirosis abstr. D16\nProgram and abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.\n1996\n63\nAmerican Society for Microbiology\nWashington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.4.805-809.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(84)80201-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.4.539-542.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Diagnosis of leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"21","author":"Park K.-H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Park K.-H. Chang W.-H. Lee J.-S. Choi K.-W. Park K.-H. Oh H.-B. Diagnosis of leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.J. Korea Soc. Microbiol. 21 1986 181 189","journal-title":"J. Korea Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-0786(94)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.2.3.218-221.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.26.5.655-657.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis","volume":"131","author":"Terpstra W. J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Terpstra W. J. Ligthart G. S. Schoone G. J. ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis.J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 1985 377 385","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"400","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA)","volume":"247","author":"Terpstra W. J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Terpstra W. J. Ligthart G. S. Schoone G. J. Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA).Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe A 247 1980 400 405","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00127-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.36.1.11-14.1998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.36.1.11-14.1998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T23:37:52Z","timestamp":1646437072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.36.1.11-14.1998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.36.1.11-14.1998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.36.1.11-14.1998","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1997-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-10-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}