{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:42:30Z","timestamp":1789537350354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Forty-three percent of the tuberculosis cases reported in France are from the Ile de France region. The incidence of tuberculosis in this region is 33 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, twice the national average. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed with clinical isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated during 1995 in 10 hospitals in Paris and surrounding areas to detect tuberculosis transmission and define the factors associated with clustering in this population. The molecular markers used were the insertion sequence IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            and the direct repeat (DR) sequence. Social, demographic, and clinical data were collected from the patients\u2019 medical files. Ten patients with isolates with a single copy of IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            were excluded from further analysis. Twenty-four patients with false-positive cultures due to laboratory contamination (based on RFLP analysis with IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            and examination of patient data) were also excluded. The study was then conducted with 272 strains isolated from 272 patients. Further fingerprinting was performed by using the DR element with strains with patterns by RFLP analysis with IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            that differed by one band only and strains with identical patterns by RFLP analysis with IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            and with low numbers of copies of IS\n            <jats:italic>6110<\/jats:italic>\n            . The combined use of both markers identified unique patterns for 177 strains and clustered 95 (35.7%) strains in 26 groups, each containing isolates from 2 to 12 patients. The clustering was strongly associated with homelessness and the male sex. It was not associated with age, birth in a foreign country, human immunodeficiency virus positivity, or residence in hostels or prison. Isolates from homeless people were often included in large clusters, and homeless people could be the source of tuberculosis transmission for more than 50% of the clustered patients. These results suggest that homeless people play a key role in the spread of\n            <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            in the community and that poor socioeconomic conditions are the main risk factors associated with active tuberculosis transmission.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.36.2.486-492.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:26:24Z","timestamp":1577813184000},"page":"486-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Molecular Fingerprinting of\n            <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n            and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Transmission in Paris, France, and Surrounding Area"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M. C.","family":"Gutie\u0301rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Mycobacte\u0301ries, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Mycobacte\u0301ries, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Max Fourestier, 92000 Nanterre,2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital des Prisons de Fresnes, 94261 Fresnes,3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Gaillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Boucicaut, 75015 Paris,4 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Antoine Be\u0301cle\u0300re, 92141 Clamart,5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Le Pendeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Laboratoire De\u0301partemental de Seine Saint Denis, 93140 Bondy,6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Le Pennec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Robet Ballanger, 93602 Aulnay sur Bois,7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 8-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif,8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Offredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 9-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Lae\u0308nnec, 75007 Paris,9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Pangon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 10-->Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 78000 Versailles,10"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pierre-Audigier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 11-->Service de Microbiologie, Ho\u0302pital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris,11 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530280057037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.988-991.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"The need for epidemic intelligence","volume":"111","author":"Bloch A. 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