{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:08:44Z","timestamp":1789873724911,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>is the causative agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. Diagnosis is hampered by putative contamination of samples with intestinal or coprophilic trichomonadid protozoa which might be mistaken for<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, we developed a PCR test optimized for applicability in routine diagnosis. Amplification is based upon primers TFR3 and TFR4 directed to the rRNA gene units of<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>. In order to avoid potential carryover contamination by products of previous amplification reactions, conditions were adapted to the use of the uracil DNA glycosylase system. Furthermore, documentation and interpretation of results were facilitated by including a DNA enzyme immunoassay for the detection of amplification products. Specificity was confirmed with genomic material from different related trichomonadid protozoa. The high sensitivity of the test allowed the detection of a single<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>organism in diagnostic culture medium or about 50 parasites per ml of preputial washing fluid. The present methods are thus proposed as (i) confirmatory tests for microscopic diagnosis following diagnostic in vitro cultivation and (ii) a direct<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>screening test with diagnostic samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.36.2.513-519.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:26:39Z","timestamp":1577813199000},"page":"513-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Detection of<i>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/i>by PCR and DNA Enzyme Immunoassay Based on rRNA Gene Unit Sequences"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Richard S. J.","family":"Felleisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Lambelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Swiss Society for Artificial Insemination, Zollikofen,2 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Nicolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology,3 University of Bern, Bern, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Mu\u0308ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gottstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"A comparison of techniques used for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infections in beef bulls","volume":"14","author":"Appell L. H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Appell L. H. Mickelsen W. D. Thomas M. W. Harmon W. M. A comparison of techniques used for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infections in beef bulls.Agri. Pract. 14 1993 30 34","journal-title":"Agri. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.10.1590","article-title":"Prevalence of trichomoniasis among California beef herds","volume":"196","author":"BonDurant R. H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"BonDurant R. H. Anderson M. L. Blanchard P. Hird D. Danaye-Elmi C. Palmer C. Sischo W. M. Suther D. Utterback W. Weigler B. J. Prevalence of trichomoniasis among California beef herds.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196 1990 1590 1593","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"Evaluation of a new culture method for diagnosing Tritrichomonas foetus infection","volume":"1992","author":"Borchardt K. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Borchardt K. A. Norman B. B. Thomas M. W. Harmon W. M. Evaluation of a new culture method for diagnosing Tritrichomonas foetus infection.Vet. Med. 1992 1992 104 112","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90037-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90009-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05611.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1974.tb06863.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Eckert J. Kutzer E. Rommel M. B\u00fcrger H.-J. K\u00f6rting W. Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische parasitologie 4th ed. 1992 Verlag Paul Parey Berlin Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Diagnostische PCR in der Veterin\u00e4rparasitologie: Tritrichomonose, Neosporose\/Toxoplasmose, Echinokokkose\/Zystizerkose","volume":"138","author":"Felleisen R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Felleisen R. M\u00fcller N. Yamage M. Gottstein B. Diagnostische PCR in der Veterin\u00e4rparasitologie: Tritrichomonose, Neosporose\/Toxoplasmose, Echinokokkose\/Zystizerkose.Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 138 1996 144 151","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00725.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.1.98-104.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Honigberg B. M. Parasitic protozoa. II. Intestinal flagellates histomonads trichomonads amoeba opalinids and ciliates. 1978 Academic Press Inc. New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90479-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Lambelet N. Tritrichomonas foetus: Etablierung und Validierung molekularer und immunologischer Methoden zur Identifizierung und Charakterisierung des Parasiten. Ph.D. thesis. 1997 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Levine N. D. Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man 2nd ed. 1973 Burgess Publishing Company Minneapolis Minn"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Levine N. D. Veterinary protozoology 1st ed. 1985 The Iowa State University Press Ames"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(90)90145-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in Northwestern Spain","volume":"38","author":"Mart\u0131\u0301n G\u00f3mez S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mart\u0131\u0301n G\u00f3mez S. Gonz\u00e1lez Paniello R. Pereira Bueno J. Ortega Mora L. M. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in Northwestern Spain.Parassitologia 38 1996 295","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2850-2852.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(94)90106-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(92)90013-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350090305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.5.1308-1313.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Sambrook J. Fritsch E. F. Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 2nd ed. 1989 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.24.620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Bovine trichomoniasis","volume":"46","author":"Speer C. A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Speer C. A. White M. W. Bovine trichomoniasis.Large Anim. Vet. 46 1991 18 20","journal-title":"Large Anim. Vet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80098-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"An improved method for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus infection by culture in bulls","volume":"11","author":"Thomas M. W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thomas M. W. Harmon W. M. White C. An improved method for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus infection by culture in bulls.Agric. Pract. 11 1990 13 17","journal-title":"Agric. Pract."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.36.2.513-519.1998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.36.2.513-519.1998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:43:22Z","timestamp":1722257002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.36.2.513-519.1998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.36.2.513-519.1998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.36.2.513-519.1998","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1997-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-11-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}