{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:18:54Z","timestamp":1762161534276},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]],"date-time":"1998-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":901929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            To diagnose visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), we have developed a nested PCR method based on amplification of the mini-exon gene, which is unique and tandomly repeated in the\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n            genome. Nested PCR was sufficiently sensitive for the detection of DNA in an amount equivalent to a single\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n            parasite or less. We examined the usefulness of this PCR method using bone marrow aspirates and buffy coat cells collected from kala-azar patients who had or had not received chemotherapy in northwest China. We obtained PCR positivity for all of the parasitologically positive bone marrow samples from the patients. Some ambiguities with the primary PCR results were eliminated by the subsequent nested PCR. The buffy coat samples from 7 of 12 patients with splenomegaly were positive by the nested PCR, although only 2 of them were positive for parasites by culture. However, buffy coat samples from nine children, whose splenomegaly has been reduced and clinically cured by antimony treatment, were all negative. Thus, this nested PCR method represents a new tool for the diagnosis of kala-azar with patient blood samples instead of bone marrow or spleen aspirates obtained by more invasive procedures.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.36.8.2173-2177.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:34:29Z","timestamp":1577813669000},"page":"2173-2177","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Diagnosis of Kala-Azar by Nested PCR Based on Amplification of the\n            <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n            Mini-Exon Gene"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Katakura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-Ichiro","family":"Kawazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba,2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshimitsu","family":"Naya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Molecular Immunology, University of Tokyo,3, Tokyo,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Nagakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine,4 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Laboratory of Immunology, Central Institute for Experimental Animal, Kawasaki,5 Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masamichi","family":"Aikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University,6Isehara, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Qi","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai,7 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ren","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai,7 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Pin","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 8-->Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Research, Urumqi,8 China; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Jie","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 8-->Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Research, Urumqi,8 China; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.-P.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 9-->Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, University of Health Sciences\/Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Molecular Immunology, University of Tokyo,3, Tokyo,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90174-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1831-1833.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90153-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"595","article-title":"Current status of kala-azar and vector control in China","volume":"69","author":"Guan L.-R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guan L.-R. 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