{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:59:28Z","timestamp":1782179968167,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Strains of\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals prior to their first episode of oral thrush were already in a high-frequency mode of switching and were far more resistant to a number of antifungal drugs than commensal isolates from healthy individuals. Switching in these isolates also had profound effects both on susceptibility to antifungal drugs and on the levels of secreted proteinase activity. These results suggest that commensal strains colonizing HIV-positive individuals either undergo phenotypic alterations or are replaced prior to the first episode of oral thrush. They also support the suggestion that high-frequency phenotypic switching functions as a higher-order virulence trait, spontaneously generating in colonizing populations variants with alterations in a variety of specific virulence traits.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.38.10.3595-3607.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:49:41Z","timestamp":1577814581000},"page":"3595-3607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Elevated Phenotypic Switching and Drug Resistance of\n            <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n            from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals prior to First Thrush Episode"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kaaren","family":"Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->College of Dentistry,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn A.","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pathology,2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pathology,2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn R.","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Biological Sciences,3University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Department of Internal Medicine,4 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hellstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Department of Pathology, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas 799205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Soll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->College of Dentistry,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Biological Sciences,3University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.1.224-235.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.6.1472-1480.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.12.5579-5588.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.23.7210-7218.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.5.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.26.1.348-354.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1542-1545.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199715000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.2.466-471.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.6076-6083.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-138-9-1901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"1587","article-title":"A complementation analysis by parasexual recombination of Candida albicans morphological mutants","volume":"134","author":"Gil C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gil C. 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