{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:37:59Z","timestamp":1791185879353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]],"date-time":"2000-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":949363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C\/HGV) infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C\/HGV RNA, determined by reverse transcription-PCR for a portion of the NS3 region of the viral genome, was 2.7% (4 of 150) among randomly collected blood donor sera, which were all negative for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV). On the other hand, the prevalence among anti-HCV-positive blood donors was 17.8% (13 of 73), with the ratio being significantly higher than that observed with the anti-HCV-negative blood donors (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). A high prevalence of GBV-C\/HGV infection was also observed among patients with chronic liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis (5.7%), liver cirrhosis (11.5%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (7.0%), and patients on maintenance hemodialysis (29.0%). No correlation was observed between GBV-C\/HGV viremia and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the populations tested, suggesting the possibility that GBV-C\/HGV does not cause apparent liver injury. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of a portion of the 5\u2032 untranslated region and the E1 region of the viral genome identified, in addition to a previously reported then novel group of GBV-C\/HGV variants (group 4), another novel group of variants (group 5). This result suggests that GBV-C\/HGV can be classified into at least five genetic groups. GBV-C\/HGV isolates of group 4 and group 5 were each shown to comprise approximately 40% of the total Indonesian isolates.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.38.2.662-668.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:52:46Z","timestamp":1577814766000},"page":"662-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prevalence of GB Virus C\/Hepatitis G Virus Infection among Various Populations in Surabaya, Indonesia, and Identification of Novel Groups of Sequence Variants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Retno","family":"Handajani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Biochemistry,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Soetjipto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Biochemistry,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Inge","family":"Lusida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Microbiology,3 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnomo","family":"Suryohudoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Biochemistry,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pangestu","family":"Adi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Internal Medicine,4 Faculty of Medicine, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poernomo Boedi","family":"Setiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Internal Medicine,4 Faculty of Medicine, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chairul Anwar","family":"Nidom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Biochemistry,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Soemarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Internal Medicine,4 Faculty of Medicine, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Tropical Disease Center,2 Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Department of Microbiology5 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoko","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Department of Microbiology5 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hak","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Department of Microbiology5 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->International Center for Medical Research,6 Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-10-2477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.9.2276-2279.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38498257377.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01086.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.569-574.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-11-2713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.3.767-768.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.1.181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026677912187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04413-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.12.3049-3051.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Houghton\nM.\nHepatitis C viruses\nFields virology\n3rd ed.\nFields\nB. N.\nKnipe\nD. M.\nHowley\nP. M.\n1996\n1035\n1058\nLippincott-Raven Publishers\nPhiladelphia Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998409001.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-11-2771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606063342301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-10-2493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80125-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.6501-6508.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.1217-1220.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1996.tb00103.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-4-737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-1-53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90704-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610313351811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0695-564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-7-1533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.12.2875-2880.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4346(97)00355-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199607)49:3<248::AID-JMV15>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-12-3247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38398222874.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91802-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.38.2.662-668.2000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.38.2.662-668.2000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:25:28Z","timestamp":1646439928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.38.2.662-668.2000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.38.2.662-668.2000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.38.2.662-668.2000","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-05-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}