{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:33:38Z","timestamp":1762868018891},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Since their first detection in 1988, penicillin-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates have rapidly spread in Iceland to account for close to 20% of all pneumococcal disease in that country by 1993. The major component (70%) of the resistant pneumococci identified from 1989 to 1992 was the progeny of a single multidrug-resistant clone (Icelandic clone) with a homogeneous chromosomal macrorestriction profile and identical multilocus enzyme type expressing serotype 6B and resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The rest of the non-penicillin-susceptible isolates included bacteria with serotype 6A and serogroups 19 and 23. The unique geographic and epidemiological setting and the availability of a complete collection of all non-penicillin-susceptible isolates of\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            in Iceland prompted us to carry out a molecular epidemiological study to monitor the fate of the Icelandic clone between 1989 and 1996; in addition, we wished to extend the characterization to representative groups of all non-penicillin-susceptible serotype 6B pneumococci which showed variations in antibiotype and which were recovered in Iceland between late 1989 and the end of 1996. Also included in the study were non-penicillin-susceptible isolates of serogroup 23. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of\n            <jats:italic>Sma<\/jats:italic>\n            I-restricted chromosomal DNA and Southern hybridization with the\n            <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA probe and probes specific for antibiotic resistance genes were used to characterize pneumococcal isolates. The results show that (i) the Icelandic clone remained the predominant type among penicillin-resistant\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            through 1996; (ii) the emergence of variants of the Icelandic clone which had lost one or more of the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and\/or resistant genes, singly or in combination, was documented during the surveillance period; and (iii) isolates belonging to the internationally spread multidrug-resistant serotype 23F clone were present in the Icelandic collection since late 1989 but did not increase in number during the subsequent years.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.38.4.1375-1381.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T17:54:47Z","timestamp":1577814887000},"page":"1375-1381","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular Evolution in a Multidrug-Resistant Lineage of\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            : Emergence of Strains Belonging to the Serotype 6B Icelandic Clone That Lost Antibiotic Resistance Traits"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Sigurdur E.","family":"Vilhelmsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Rockefeller University, New York, New York,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tomasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->The Rockefeller University, New York, New York,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl G.","family":"Kristinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70326-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.3.1152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.suppl_C.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1995.1.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1997.3.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91868-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2944-2949.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.2.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.12.3618-3625.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.11.2321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708143370701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.638-648.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1997.3.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2233-2239.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Woods\nG. L.\nWashington\nJ. A.\nAntimicrobial susceptibility tests: dilution and disk diffusion methods\nManual of clinical microbiology\n6th ed.\nMurray\nP. R.\nBaron\nE. J.\nPfaller\nM. A.\nTenover\nF. C.\nYolken\nR. 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