{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:28:53Z","timestamp":1776896933604,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Currently, the laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever is dependent upon either the isolation of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Typhi from a clinical sample or the detection of raised titers of agglutinating serum antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (O) or flagellum (H) antigens of serotype Typhi (the Widal test). In this study, the serum antibody responses to the LPS and flagellum antigens of serotype Typhi were investigated with individuals from a region of Vietnam in which typhoid is endemic, and their usefulness for the diagnosis of typhoid fever was evaluated. The antibody responses to both antigens were highly variable among individuals infected with serotype Typhi, and elevated antibody titers were also detected in a high proportion of serum samples from healthy subjects from the community. In-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of specific classes of anti-LPS and antiflagellum antibodies were compared with other serologically based tests for the diagnosis of typhoid fever (Widal TO and TH, anti-serotype Typhi immunoglobulin M [IgM] dipstick, and IDeaL TUBEX). At a specificity of \u22650.93, the sensitivities of the different tests were 0.75, 0.55, and 0.52 for the anti-LPS IgM, IgG, and IgA ELISAs, respectively; 0.28 for the antiflagellum IgG ELISA; 0.47 and 0.32 for the Widal TO and TH tests, respectively; and 0.77 for the anti-serotype Typhi IgM dipstick assay. The specificity of the IDeaL TUBEX was below 0.90 (sensitivity, 0.87; specificity, 0.76). The serological assays based on the detection of IgM antibodies against either serotype Typhi LPS (ELISA) or whole bacteria (dipstick) had a significantly higher sensitivity than the Widal TO test when used with a single acute-phase serum sample (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2264 0.007). These tests could be of use for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients who have clinical typhoid fever but are culture negative or in regions where bacterial culturing facilities are not available.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.39.3.1002-1007.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:03:40Z","timestamp":1027764220000},"page":"1002-1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Serology of Typhoid Fever in an Area of Endemicity and Its Relevance to Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"House","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Biochemistry1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Microbiology and Infection,3 Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vo A.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Dong Thap Provincial Hospital, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap Province,4 Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"To S.","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Centre for Tropical Diseases,5 Cho Quan Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen T.","family":"Chinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy,6 Ho Chi Minh City, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phan V.","family":"Bay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Dong Thap Provincial Hospital, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap Province,4 Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ha","family":"Vinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Centre for Tropical Diseases,5 Cho Quan Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minh","family":"Duc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Dong Thap Provincial Hospital, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap Province,4 Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford,7United Kingdom, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Biochemistry1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford,7United Kingdom, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran Tinh","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Centre for Tropical Diseases,5 Cho Quan Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford,7United Kingdom, and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400052979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90056-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(92)90420-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella typhi O and H antibodies in the serum of infants and preschool children","volume":"27","author":"Cherian T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cherian T. 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