{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T21:53:03Z","timestamp":1765230783691},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            is the most common human yeast pathogen, other\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            species such as\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            are now recognized as emerging agents, especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            is inherently resistant to the widely used triazole antifungal fluconazole and poses therapeutic problems, especially in systemic candidiasis. In a surveillance study of leprosy patients (with arrested or burnt-out disease) in a leprosarium in northern Thailand, we found a rate of oral carriage of\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            (36%) significantly (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) higher than that for a healthy control group (10%). Among the\n            <jats:italic>Candida-<\/jats:italic>\n            positive patients, 16 of 35 (46%) carried\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            , while\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            was the second most common isolate (12 of 35 patients; 34%). The corresponding figures for the control group were 2 of 13 (15%) and 6 of 13 (46%), respectively. Studies of the antifungal resistance of the\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from patients indicated that all except one of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole, two isolates were resistant to ketoconazole, and all isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B. Evaluation of their genetic profiles by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis with three different primers and subsequent analysis of the gel profiles by computerized cluster-derived dendrograms revealed that the\n            <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from patients belonged to 10 disparate clusters, despite the origin from a single locale. These nascent findings indicate an alarmingly high prevalence of a\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            species resistant to a widely used antifungal in a part of the world where HIV disease is endemic.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4479-4485.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,26]],"date-time":"2002-11-26T22:43:39Z","timestamp":1038350619000},"page":"4479-4485","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["High Oral Prevalence of\n            <i>Candida krusei<\/i>\n            in Leprosy Patients in Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"P. A.","family":"Reichart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Radiology, Charite\u0301, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. P.","family":"Samaranayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Oral Biosciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y. H.","family":"Samaranayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Oral Biosciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Radiology, Charite\u0301, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Oral Biosciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"279","volume":"58","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bombach, B., and P. Reichart. 1987. Periodontal findings in patients with leprosy. Lepr. Rev.58:279-289.","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-139-9-2179"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-17.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Do Carmo-Sousa L. 1969. Distribution of yeasts in nature p. 79-105. In A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison (ed.) The yeasts vol. 1. Academic Press London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90118-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2219-2226.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"304","volume":"93","year":"1985","unstructured":"Linkosalo, E., S. Ohtonen, H. Markkanen, A. Karinpaa, and E. Kumpusalo. 1985. Caries, periodontal status and some salivary factors in lactovegetarians. Scand. J. Dent. Res.93:304-308.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Lorian V. 1997. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine 3rd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore Md."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"MacFarlane T. W. and L. P. Samaranayake. 1990. Systemic infections p. 339-386. In J. H. Jones and D. K. Mason (ed.) Oral manifestations of systemic disease 2nd ed. Bailliere Tindall London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Odds F. C. 1988. Candida and candidosis: a review and bibliography 2nd ed. Bailliere Tindall London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90152-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(74)90342-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1976.47.8.455"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Reichart P. A. R. Roy and S. Prabhu. 1992. Leprosy (Hansen\u2032s disease) p. 202-214. In S. R. Prabhu D. F. Wilson D. K. Daftary and N. W. Johnson (ed.) Oral diseases in the tropics. Oxford Medical Oxford United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(82)80043-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.2.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"312","volume":"3","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samaranayake, L. P. 1997. Candida krusei and fluconazole therapy. Hong Kong Med. J.3:312-314.","journal-title":"J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Samaranayake L. P. 2002. Essential microbiology for dentistry 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90191-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Samaranayake L. P. and T. W. MacFarlane. 1990. Oral candidosis Wright Bristol United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1986.tb00646.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-41-5-295"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.6.1236-1243.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soll D. R. 1991. Current status of the molecular basis of Candida pathogenicity p. 503-540. In G. T. Cole and H. C. Hoch (ed.) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Publishing Corp. New York N.Y.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2635-7_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.332"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"Sullivan D. J. and D. C. Coleman. 2002. Molecular approaches to identification and typing of Candida species p. 427-441. In R. A. Calderone (ed.) Candida and candidiasis. ASM Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"226","volume":"75","year":"2000","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2000. Leprosy\u2014global situation. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.75:226-231.","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4479-4485.2002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4479-4485.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1646443439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4479-4485.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4479-4485.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4479-4485.2002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-09-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}