{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:51:58Z","timestamp":1792075918537,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Madurella mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>is the main causative agent of human eumycetoma, a severe debilitating disease endemic in Sudan. It has been suggested that eumycetoma has a soil-borne or thorn prick-mediated origin. For this reason, efforts were undertaken to culture<jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>from soil samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 43) and thorn collections (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 35) derived from areas in which it is endemic. However, ribosomal sequencing data revealed that the black fungi obtained all belonged to other fungal species. In addition, we performed PCR-mediated detection followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the identification of<jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>DNA from the environmental samples as well as biopsies from patients with mycetoma. In the case of the Sudanese soil samples, 17 out of 74 (23%) samples were positive for<jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>DNA. Among the thorn collections, 1 out of 22 (5%) was positive in the PCR. All PCR RFLP patterns clearly indicated the presence of<jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, 15 Dutch and English control soil samples were all negative. Clinically and environmentally obtained fungal PCR products share the same PCR RFLP patterns, suggesting identity, at least at the species level. These observations support the hypothesis that eumycetoma is primarily environmentally acquired and suggest that<jats:italic>M. mycetomatis<\/jats:italic>needs special conditions for growth, as direct isolation from the environment seems to be impossible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.3.1031-1036.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:58:35Z","timestamp":1027763915000},"page":"1031-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Environmental Occurrence of<i>Madurella mycetomatis<\/i>, the Major Agent of Human Eumycetoma in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Abdalla","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Endemic Diseases and Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam (EMCR), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Adelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Verbrugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam (EMCR), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"van Belkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam (EMCR), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sybren","family":"de Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90004-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3175-3178.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"22","volume":"58","year":"1965","unstructured":"Basset, A., R. 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