{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:05:21Z","timestamp":1781319921405,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>genes of 20 southern<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>strains were sequenced. The strains consisted of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto,<jats:italic>B. andersonii<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>, one undescribed genospecies, MI-8, and one probably new<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>species, TXW-1. A high degree of similarity exists between<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto and<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>and between<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. andersonii<\/jats:italic>. Lateral transfers of the<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>gene probably occurred between<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto and<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>and between<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. andersonii<\/jats:italic>. Internal gene recombination appears to occur among them. The highest degree of genetic diversity among them was observed in the two variable domains (V1 and V2), semivariable domain (SV), and the species-specific epitopes (between amino acids 28 and 31). Differences in<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>sequences among southern strains reflect diversity at the strain and genospecies levels. MI-8, which was recognized as an undescribed genospecies in our previous reports, remains distinguishable in our current analysis of<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>genes and is distinct from<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto. Interestingly, another undescribed southern isolate, TXW-1, was not amplified under various PCR conditions. Compared to European<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto strains, American<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto strains show greater genetic heterogeneity. Southern<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto,<jats:italic>B. andersonii<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>B. bissettii<\/jats:italic>isolates were intermixed with each other in the phylogenetic trees. In the derived trees in our work, at least one southeastern strain of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, MI-2, most closely aligns with a so-called invasive cluster that possesses many proven human-invasive strains. Transmission experiments show that MI-2 and the strains in this group of southern spirochetes are able to infect mice and hamsters and that the typical vector of Lyme disease,<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>, can acquire the spirochetes from infected mammals. Currently, strain MI-2 appears to be the only southern isolate among the 20 we analyzed that clusters with an OspC invasive group and thus might be invasive for humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.7.2572-2583.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T23:07:23Z","timestamp":1027897643000},"page":"2572-2583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Genetic Diversity of the Outer Surface Protein C Gene of Southern<i>Borrelia<\/i>Isolates and Its Possible Epidemiological, Clinical, and Pathogenetic Implications"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8056"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James H.","family":"Oliver,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8056"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8056"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3090-3095.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.13-20.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2693-2699.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.524-529.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07081.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-1-167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-3-378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01186-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.2.631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3181-3187.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6677-6684.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2792-2799.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"181","volume":"50","year":"2001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. 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