{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:00:07Z","timestamp":1775152807333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The aim of this study was to determine which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes were circulating in Australia and to correlate the subtypes with risk factors associated with the acquisition of HIV-1 infection. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV-1\n            <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were amplified and subtyped using heteroduplex mobility analysis, with selected samples sequenced and phylogenetic analysis performed. The HIV-1\n            <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n            subtypes were determined for 141 samples, of which 40 were from female patients and 101 were from male patients; 13 samples were from children. Forty-seven patients were infected by homosexual or bisexual contact, 46 were infected through heterosexual contact, 21 were infected from injecting drug use (IDU), 13 were infected by vertical transmission, 8 were infected from nosocomial exposure, and 6 were infected by other modes of transmission, including exposure to blood products, ritualistic practices, and two cases of intrafamilial transmission. Five subtypes were detected; B (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 104), A (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 5), C (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 17), E (CRF01_AE;\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 13), and G (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2). Subtype B predominated in HIV-1 acquired homosexually (94% of cases) and by IDU (100%), whereas non-subtype B infections were mostly seen in heterosexually (57%) or vertically (22%) acquired HIV-1 infections and were usually imported from Africa and Asia. Subtype B strains of group M viruses predominate in Australia in HIV-1 transmitted by homosexual or bisexual contact and IDU. However, non-B subtypes have been introduced, mostly acquired via heterosexual contact.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.10.4600-4604.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,7]],"date-time":"2003-10-07T19:00:26Z","timestamp":1065553226000},"page":"4600-4604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Segregation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes by Risk Factor in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Belinda L.","family":"Herring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying C.","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mala","family":"Ratnamohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin K.","family":"Saksena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic E.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400458695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199702000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910010-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200002010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92901-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(99)00053-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.2.1292-1300.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200002180-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.1207-1216.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"PCR Methods Appl. 1995 4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.2.281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1998.14.1105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60343-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922200750005985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French M. 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