{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:11:33Z","timestamp":1770217893857,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]],"date-time":"2003-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The objectives of this study were to understand the molecular diversity of animal and human strains of\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp\n            <jats:italic>. paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated in the United States and to identify\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific diagnostic molecular markers to aid in disease detection, prevention, and control. Multiplex PCR of IS\n            <jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic>\n            integration loci (MPIL) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were used to fingerprint\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates recovered from animals (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 203) and patients with Crohn's disease (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 7) from diverse geographic localities. Six hundred bacterial cultures, including\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 303), non-\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            mycobacteria (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 129), and other nonmycobacterial species (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 168), were analyzed to evaluate the specificity of two IS\n            <jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic>\n            integration loci and a newly described\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific sequence (locus 251) as potential targets for the diagnosis of\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            . MPIL fingerprint analysis revealed that 78% of bovine origin\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates clustered together into a major node, whereas isolates from human and ovine sources showed greater genetic diversity. MPIL analysis also showed that the\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from ovine and bovine sources from the same state were more closely associated than were isolates from different geographic regions, suggesting that some of the strains are shared between these ruminant species. AFLP fingerprinting revealed a similar pattern, with most isolates from bovine sources clustering into two major nodes, while those recovered from sheep or humans were clustered on distinct branches. Overall, this study identified a high degree of genetic similarity between\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            strains recovered from cows regardless of geographic origin. Further, the results of our analyses reveal a relatively higher degree of genetic heterogeneity among\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates recovered from human and ovine sources.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.5.2015-2026.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,6]],"date-time":"2003-05-06T23:28:47Z","timestamp":1052263727000},"page":"2015-2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of\n            <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n            subsp.\n            <i>paratuberculosis<\/i>\n            : Evidence for Limited Strain Diversity, Strain Sharing, and Identification of Unique Targets for Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Alifiya S.","family":"Motiwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Strother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alongkorn","family":"Amonsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics Center and Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Byrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh A.","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith R.","family":"Stabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Shulaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Bannantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics Center and Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinand","family":"Sreevatsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Ashford D. 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