{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:31:41Z","timestamp":1787016701131,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The assessment of immunogenicity of a diluted vaccinia vaccine for possible widespread use of a diluted vaccine in the event of a bioterrorist attack prompted us to focus on the development of a sensitive and specific plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay to assess the antibody response of volunteers to a vaccinia (Dryvax) vaccine. Two incubation times, 1 h or overnight (approximately 15 h), were explored for the neutralization step of the assay. In addition, serum samples were evaluated using both sonicated and nonsonicated virus in PRN assays with 1 and 15 h of incubation. The use of the overnight incubation method resulted in the detection of antibody in two vaccinated individuals who exhibited a take, i.e., a major reaction indicative of successive vaccination as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but did not have a fourfold increase in antibody to vaccinia virus by the 1-h-incubation method and increased the sensitivity from 94 to 100%. In addition to the increased sensitivity of the assay, we noted a significant increase (approximately 40-fold) in the PRN titer of serum samples tested with the 15-h-incubation method. The use of sonicated virus increased the reproducibility of the virus titers and PRN titers. Forty-two percent of the samples tested using sonicated virus had a PRN titer that was fourfold higher or greater than that of nonsonicated virus in the assay. A PRN titer that was threefold higher or greater was observed in more than half (58%) of the samples using sonicated virus. Therefore, the more sensitive, specific, and reproducible plaque neutralization assay for the detection of antibody to vaccinia virus is the method using a 15-h-incubation time and freshly sonicated vaccinia virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.7.3154-3157.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,3]],"date-time":"2003-07-03T15:05:48Z","timestamp":1057244748000},"page":"3154-3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Improved Assay To Detect Neutralizing Antibody following Vaccination with Diluted or Undiluted Vaccinia (Dryvax) Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Frances K.","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara P.","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahendra","family":"Mandava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Andres","family":"Bonifacio,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Belshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.85.3.275","volume":"85","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cutchins, E., J. Warren, and W. P. Jones. 1960. The antibody response to smallpox vaccination as measured by a tissue-culture plaque method. J. Immunol.85:275-283.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.51.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-1157(87)80013-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700570413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240003758X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2001. Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Recommendations and Reports. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50: RR-10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.21.5.968-970.1971"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3154-3157.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3154-3157.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T12:46:28Z","timestamp":1682513188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3154-3157.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3154-3157.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.41.7.3154-3157.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}