{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:31:44Z","timestamp":1770823904716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            This report describes the first isolation of the ameba\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            from an environmental soil sample associated with a fatal case of amebic encephalitis in a northern California child. Isolation of the ameba into culture from autopsied brain tissue confirmed the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            . In trying to locate a possible source of infection, soil and water samples from the child's home and play areas were examined for the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            . The environmental samples (plated onto nonnutrient agar with\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            as a food source) contained, in addition to the ameba, a variety of soil organisms, including other amebas, ciliates, fungi, and nematodes, as contaminants. Presumptive\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            amebas were recognized only after cultures had been kept for several weeks, after they had burrowed into the agar. These were transferred through a succession of nonnutrient agar plates to eliminate fungal and other contaminants. In subsequent transfers, axenic\n            <jats:italic>Naegleria<\/jats:italic>\n            amebas and, later, tissue cultures (monkey kidney cells) served as the food source. Finally, the amebas were transferred to cell-free axenic medium. In vitro, the\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            isolate is a slow-growing organism with a generation time of \u223c30 h and produces populations of \u223c2 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n            amebas per ml. It was confirmed as\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            by indirect immunofluorescence staining with rabbit anti-\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            serum and human anti-\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            antibody-containing serum from the amebic encephalitis patient. The environmental isolate is similar in its antimicrobial sensitivities and identical in its 16S ribosomal DNA sequences to the\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            isolate from the deceased patient.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.7.3175-3180.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,3]],"date-time":"2003-07-03T19:05:48Z","timestamp":1057259148000},"page":"3175-3180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Environmental Isolation of\n            <i>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/i>\n            Associated with a Case of Amebic Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thelma H.","family":"Dunnebacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Booton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice K.","family":"Kohlmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Disease Investigations and Surveillance Branch, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bakardjiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Oakland, Oakland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Oakland, Oakland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Maddux-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma County Department of Health Services, Santa Rosa, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Julio","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Presbyterian University Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govinda S.","family":"Visvesvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200201000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.453-455.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"233","volume":"5","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cabot, E. L., and A. T. Beckenbach. 1989. Simultaneous editing of multiple nucleic and protein sequences with ESEE. Comput. Appl. Biosci.5:233-234.","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)00173-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"1142","volume":"44","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ledee, D. R., G. C. Booton, M. H. Awwad, S. Sharma, R. K. Aggarwal, I. A. Niszl, M. B. Markus, P. A. Fuerst, and T. J. Byers. 2002. Advantages of using mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences to classify clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.44:1142-1149.","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Page F. C. 1988. A new key to freshwater and soil gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biological Association Ambleside Cumbria United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589703400103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.342-354.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.385-388.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04557.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Visvesvara G. S. 1999. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebae p. 1383-1390. In P. R. Murray E. J. Baron M. A. Pfaller F. C. Tenover and R. H. Yolken (ed.) Manual of clinical microbiology 7th ed. ASM Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2750-2756.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04943.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T02:36:57Z","timestamp":1646447817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.41.7.3175-3180.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-04-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}