{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:59:54Z","timestamp":1794275994239,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Canine babesiosis has recently been recognized as an emerging infectious disease of dogs in North America. We sought to develop a seminested PCR to detect and differentiate\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Asian genotype),\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>vogeli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>rossi<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in canine blood samples. An outer primer pair was designed to amplify an \u223c340-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA genes from\n                    <jats:italic>B. gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Asian genotype),\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>vogeli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>rossi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not mammalian DNA. Forward primers were designed that would specifically amplify a smaller fragment from each organism in a seminested PCR. The practical limit of detection was 50 organisms\/ml of mock-infected EDTA anticoagulated whole blood. The primer pair also amplified an \u223c370-bp fragment of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (USA\/California genotype) 18S rRNA gene from the blood of an experimentally infected dog with a high percentage of parasitemia. Amplicons were not detected when DNA extracted from the blood of a dog that was naturally infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria annae<\/jats:italic>\n                    at a low percentage of parasitemia was amplified. Due to limited sensitivity, this test is not recommended for the routine diagnosis of\n                    <jats:italic>B. gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (USA\/California genotype) or\n                    <jats:italic>T. annae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The PCR test did not amplify\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Neospora caninum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or canine DNA under any of the conditions tested. The seminested PCR test was able to detect and discriminate\n                    <jats:italic>B. gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Asian genotype),\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>vogeli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>rossi<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in blood samples from infected dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.9.4172-4177.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,4]],"date-time":"2003-09-04T14:34:38Z","timestamp":1062686078000},"page":"4172-4177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":491,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Seminested PCR for Detection and Differentiation of\n                    <i>Babesia gibsoni<\/i>\n                    (Asian Genotype) and\n                    <i>B. canis<\/i>\n                    DNA in Canine Blood Samples"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Birkenheuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal and Health Resource Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-1428"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00049-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-2-125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)03111-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"978","volume":"182","year":"1983","unstructured":"Breitschwerdt, E. B., J. B. Malone, P. MacWilliams, M. G. Levy, C. W. Qualls, Jr., and M. J. Prudich. 1983. Babesiosis in the greyhound. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.182:978-982.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00112-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2748-2755.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.18.552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05128.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.05.601","volume":"199","year":"1991","unstructured":"Conrad, P., J. Thomford, I. Yamane, J. Whiting, L. Bosma, T. Uno, H. J. Holshuh, and S. Shelly. 1991. Hemolytic anemia caused by Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.199:601-605.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01604.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00429.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00120-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0437:AGUBGL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3851-3855.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1998.0223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1989.9694194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"111","volume":"3","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yamane, I., P. Conrad, and I. Gardner. 1993. Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs. J. Protozool. Res.3:111-125.","journal-title":"J. Protozool. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(94)90054-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00202-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050445"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T12:07:22Z","timestamp":1704888442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.41.9.4172-4177.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-05-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}