{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:42:36Z","timestamp":1791286956913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report a new, suspended-microsphere diagnostic test to detect antibodies to West Nile (WN) virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The microsphere immunofluorescence assay can be performed in less than 3 h on specimens of \u226430 \u03bcl. A recombinant WN virus envelope (E) protein antigen is covalently coupled to fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. After incubation with diluted serum or CSF, antibodies bound to the E protein antigen are detected with fluorescently labeled anti-human immunoglobulin antibody and flow analysis in a dual-laser Luminex 100 instrument. Retrospective testing of 833 sera from New York patients with suspected viral encephalitis demonstrated concordance with results obtained with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to WN virus (kappa = 0.85). One hundred eighty-eight (22.4%) of the samples, which were collected from June to November 2002, tested positive for antibodies to WN virus in the microsphere assay. Specimens depleted of IgG with anti-IgG antibody were reassayed to measure anti-E protein IgM antibodies and to provide an indication of current or recent WN virus infection. The assay also detects antibodies to E proteins from related flaviviruses, including St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue viruses. The new microsphere immunoassay provides a sensitive and rapid alternative to traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that detect antibodies to flavivirus E proteins. This assay can aid physicians and public health workers in the management of outbreaks of WN virus and related flaviviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.1.65-72.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,10]],"date-time":"2004-01-10T13:17:42Z","timestamp":1073740662000},"page":"65-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Detection of Human Anti-Flavivirus Antibodies with a West Nile Virus Recombinant Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie L.","family":"Demarest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah H.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Ledizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L2Diagnostics, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalipada","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L2Diagnostics, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erol","family":"Fikrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond A.","family":"Koski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L2Diagnostics, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1422","volume":"46","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bellisario, R., R. 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