{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T04:58:51Z","timestamp":1794545931267,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In the south of France, leishmaniasis due to\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n            occurs in the following five foci of endemicity (from west to east): Pyre\u0301ne\u0301es-Orientales, Ce\u0301vennes, Provence, Co\u0302te d'Azur, and Corsica. Between 1981 and 2002, 712\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n            strains obtained from humans, dogs, cats, and sand flies were studied by isoenzyme analysis. In total, seven zymodemes were identified: MON-1, MON-11, MON-24, MON-29, MON-33, MON-34, and MON-108. The Pyre\u0301ne\u0301es-Orientales focus is characterized by a predominance of human cutaneous leishmaniasis and a high enzymatic polymorphism (five zymodemes). In the other foci, where human visceral leishmaniasis is predominant, only two zymodemes are present.\n            <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n            MON-1 is the parasite most frequently found, in patients both with and without concomitant human immunodeficiency virus infection. MON-1 is the only zymodeme present in dogs, which act as the reservoir host in all of the foci. In Ce\u0301vennes, where the complete life cycle of zymodeme MON-1 has been identified,\n            <jats:italic>Phlebotomus perniciosus<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Phlebotomus ariasi<\/jats:italic>\n            are vectors. The enzymatic polymorphism is compared to that of neighboring countries (Spain and Italy). In Pyre\u0301ne\u0301es-Orientales, small variant zymodemes with electromorphs of heterozygote-like and homozygotic patterns can be explained by different genetic hypotheses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.9.4077-4082.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,13]],"date-time":"2004-09-13T19:07:33Z","timestamp":1095102453000},"page":"4077-4082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Isoenzymatic Analysis of 712 Strains of\n            <i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>\n            in the South of France and Relationship of Enzymatic Polymorphism to Clinical and Epidemiological Features"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Francine","family":"Pratlong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Antoine","family":"Rioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Marty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Ho\u0302pital de l'Archet, CHU de Nice, Nice"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327oise","family":"Faraut-Gambarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hopital La Timone, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Dereure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevie\u0300ve","family":"Lanotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Dedet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(96)80114-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00255-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"12","volume":"93","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belhadj, S., F. 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