{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:50:53Z","timestamp":1792738253476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            is a free-living protozoan genus found in a wide variety of natural habitats, including water, soil, and air. Pathogenic isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            are medically relevant as the causative agent of sight- threatening\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            keratitis (AK), serious infections of other organs, and fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Previous work employing DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA genes (SSU rRNA genes) determined the genotypic diversity of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            and found that many named species of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            are associated with particular genotypes. These studies also concluded that nearly all AK infections result from a single molecular genotype: T4. Here, we asked whether\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            clinical isolates from non-AK infections are also associated with particular genotypes. DNA sequence determination of nuclear SSU rRNA genes was employed for genotypic identification of 29 isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            from non-AK infections. Sequence analysis demonstrates that T4 is the predominant genotype in non-AK infections, including those in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal passages, skin, and lung. Rare genotypes (T1, T10, and T12) have been isolated from brain infections. We conclude that genotype T4 is the primary genotype in non-AK\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            infections, as was the case in AK infections. However, the genotypes that were isolated from brains have not been observed in environmental isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            , and their natural ecological niche is unknown.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.4.1689-1693.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,6]],"date-time":"2005-04-06T23:32:50Z","timestamp":1112830370000},"page":"1689-1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Identification and Distribution of\n            <i>Acanthamoeba<\/i>\n            Species Genotypes Associated with Nonkeratitis Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Booton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govinda S.","family":"Visvesvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Byers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Fuerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2000000100003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01971-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1621-1625.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"233","volume":"5","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cabot, E. L., and A. T. Beckenbach. 1989. Simultaneous editing of multiple nucleic acid and protein sequences with ESEE. Comput. Appl. Biosci.5:233-234.","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"463","volume":"109","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chang, P. C., and H. K. Soong. 1991. Acanthamoeba keratitis in non-contact lens wearers. Arch. Ophthalmol.109:463-464.","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.39.4.681-685.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04510.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"325","volume":"42","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hewitt, M. K., B. S. Robinson, P. T. Monis, and C. P. Saint. 2003. Identification of a new Acanthamoeba 18S rRNA gene sequence type, corresponding to the species Acanthamoeba jacobsi Sawyer, Nerad, and Visvesvara, 1992 (Lobosea: Acanthamoebidae). Acta Protozool.42:325-329.","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"143","year":"1993","unstructured":"John, D. T. 1993. Opportunistically pathogenic free-living amebae, p. 143-246. In J. P. Kreier and J. R. Baker (ed.), Parasitic protozoa, 2nd ed., vol. 3. 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Cytotoxic activities of alkylphosphocholines against clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.46:685-701.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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