{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:42:07Z","timestamp":1790239327360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n            is a free-living ameba that causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Because of a lack of pathognomonic symptoms and the difficulty in recognizing amebas in biopsied tissues, most cases are not diagnosed or effectively treated, leading to a &gt;95% mortality. We report here on five cases of balamuthiasis that were diagnosed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining of serum for anti-\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            antibodies (titer \u2265 1:128) and confirmed by IIF of unstained brain tissue sections and\/or detection of amebas in hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides. Additionally, we have used the PCR for the detection of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene DNA from the ameba in clinical specimens such as brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            encephalitis.\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA was successfully detected by the PCR in clinical samples from all five individuals. It was detected in brain tissue from three cases, in CSF from three cases, and in one of two samples of lung tissue from two individuals, but not in two samples of kidney tissue tested. One sample of unfixed brain tissue was culture positive for\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            . In order to test the sensitivity of the PCR for detection of\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA, CSF specimens from two individuals negative for amebic infection were spiked with\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            amebas. We found that it was possible to detect\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            DNA in the PCR mixtures containing mitochondrial DNA from 1 to as little as 0.2 ameba per reaction mixture. A single\n            <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n            ameba contains multiple mitochondrial targets; thus, 0.2 ameba represents multiple targets for amplification and is not equivalent to 0.2 of an ameba as a target.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.7.3192-3197.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,6]],"date-time":"2005-07-06T23:18:52Z","timestamp":1120691932000},"page":"3192-3197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Detection of\n            <i>Balamuthia<\/i>\n            Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Gene DNA in Clinical Specimens by PCR"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Yagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Booton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govinda S.","family":"Visvesvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"447","volume":"22","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakardjiev, A., P. H. Azimi, N. Ashouri, D. P. Ascher, D. Janner, F. L. Schuster, G. S. Visvesvara, and C. Glaser. 2003. Amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: report of four cases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.22:447-452.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.3003-3006.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.453-455.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)00173-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.10.990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"486","volume":"23","year":"2002","unstructured":"Healy, I. F. 2002. Balamuthia amebic encephalitis: radiographic and pathologic findings. Am. J. Neuroradiol.23:486-489.","journal-title":"Am. J. 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Balamuthia mandrillaris: a newly recognized agent for amebic meningoencephalitis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.14:705-710.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Sambrook J. E. F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.040139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"173","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schuster, F. L., C. Glaser, S. Honarmand, and G. S.Visvesvara. 2003. Testing for Balamuthia amebic encephalitis by indirect immunofluorescence, p. 173-178. In F. Lares-Villa, G. C. Booton, and F. Marciano-Cabral (ed.), Proceedings of the Xth International Meeting on the Biology and Pathogencity of Free-Living Amoebae. 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