{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:42:44Z","timestamp":1789987364627,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The protozoan parasite\n            <jats:italic>Babesia equi<\/jats:italic>\n            replicates within erythrocytes. During the acute phase of infection,\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            can reach high levels of parasitemia, resulting in a hemolytic crisis. Horses that recover from the acute phase of the disease remain chronically infected. Subsequent transmission is dependent upon the ability of vector ticks to acquire\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            and, following development and replication, establishment of\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            in the salivary glands. Although restriction of the movement of chronically infected horses with\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            is based on the presumption that ticks can acquire and transmit the parasite at low levels of long-term infection, parasitemia levels during the chronic phase of infection have never been quantified, nor has transmission been demonstrated. To address these epidemiologically significant questions, we established long-term\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            infections (&gt;1 year), measured parasitemia levels over time, and tested whether nymphal\n            <jats:italic>Boophilus microplus<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks could acquire and, after molting to the adult stage, transmit\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            to naive horses.\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            levels during the chronic phase of infection ranged from 10\n            <jats:sup>3.3<\/jats:sup>\n            to 10\n            <jats:sup>6.0<\/jats:sup>\n            \/ml of blood, with fluctuation over time within individual horses.\n            <jats:italic>B. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks fed on chronically infected horses with mean parasite levels of 10\n            <jats:sup>5.5<\/jats:sup>\n            \u00b1 10\n            <jats:sup>0.48<\/jats:sup>\n            \/ml of blood acquired\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            , with detection of\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            in the salivary glands of 7 to 50% of fed ticks, a range encompassing the percentage of positive ticks that had been identically fed on a horse in the acute phase of infection with high parasitemia levels. Ticks that acquired\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            from chronically infected horses, as well as those fed during the acute phase of infection, successfully transmitted the parasite to naive horses. The results unequivocally demonstrated that chronically infected horses with low-level parasitemia are competent mammalian reservoirs for tick transmission of\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.8.3755-3759.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,4]],"date-time":"2005-08-04T22:25:57Z","timestamp":1123194357000},"page":"3755-3759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Ability of the Vector Tick\n            <i>Boophilus microplus<\/i>\n            To Acquire and Transmit\n            <i>Babesia equi<\/i>\n            following Feeding on Chronically Infected Horses with Low-Level Parasitemia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy H.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lowell S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Statdfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Scoles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"},{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.1.91-98.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006058113409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.8.2091-2096.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1337","volume":"30","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frerichs, W. M., A. A. Holbrook, and A. J. Johnson. 1969. Equine piroplasmosis: production of antigens for the complement-fixation test. Am. J. Vet. Res.30:1337-1341.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"23","year":"1988","unstructured":"Friedhoff, K. T. 1988. Transmission of Babesia, p. 23-52. In M. Ristic (ed.), Babesiosis of domestic animals and man. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Babesiosis of domestic animals and man"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.4.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402347101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90185-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"275","volume":"231","year":"1983","unstructured":"Karakashian, S. J., M. A. Rudzinska, A. Spielman, S. Lewengrub, J. Piesman, and N. Shoukrey. 1983. 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Cell Tissue Res.231:275-287.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00150-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.7.2412-2417.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.9.2056-2058.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00125-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9640802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02927.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.10.2966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"197","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schein, E. 1988. Equine babesiosis, p. 197-208. In M. Ristic (ed.), Babesiosis of domestic animals and man. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Babesiosis of domestic animals and man"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00228-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5803-5809.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02351869"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T04:39:38Z","timestamp":1646455178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.43.8.3755-3759.2005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-04-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}