{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:16:34Z","timestamp":1793729794063,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            An upsurge in wound infections due to\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium tetani<\/jats:italic>\n            among users of illegal injected drugs (IDUs) occurred in the United Kingdom during 2003 and 2004. A real-time PCR assay was developed to detect a fragment of the neurotoxin gene of\n            <jats:italic>C. tetani<\/jats:italic>\n            (TeNT) and was used in conjunction with previously described assays for\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            neurotoxin types A, B, and E (BoNTA, -B, and -E). The assays were sensitive, specific, rapid to perform, and applicable to investigating infections among IDUs using DNA extracted directly from wound tissue, as well as bacteria growing among mixed microflora in enrichment cultures and in pure culture on solid media. A combination of bioassay and PCR test results confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 10 of 25 cases of suspected botulism and two of five suspected cases of tetanus among IDUs. The PCR assays were in almost complete agreement with the conventional bioassays when considering results from different samples collected from the same patient. The replacement of bioassays by real-time PCR for the isolation and identification of both\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>C. tetani<\/jats:italic>\n            demonstrates a sensitivity and specificity similar to those of conventional approaches. However, the real-time PCR assays substantially improves the diagnostic process in terms of the speed of results and by the replacement of experimental animals. Recommendations are given for an improved strategy for the laboratory investigation of suspected wound botulism and tetanus among IDUs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.9.4342-4348.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,6]],"date-time":"2005-09-06T21:58:02Z","timestamp":1126043882000},"page":"4342-4348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Improvement in Laboratory Diagnosis of Wound Botulism and Tetanus among Injecting Illicit-Drug Users by Use of Real-Time PCR Assays for Neurotoxin Gene Fragments"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Akbulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"McLauchlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2004.1.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"274","year":"1971","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1971. Immunoserum antitetanicum, tetanus antitoxin. Eur. PharmocopoeiaII:274-278.","journal-title":"Eur. Pharmocopoeia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1988. Biological assay of Clostridium tetani antitoxin p. A116-A117. Appendix XIVB. 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