{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:19:27Z","timestamp":1789805967233,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            has a clonal population genetic structure with three (I, II, and III) lineages that predominate in North America and Europe. Type II strains cause most cases of symptomatic human infections in France and the United States, although few other regions have been adequately sampled. Here we determined the parasite genotype in amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid samples from congenital toxoplasmosis cases in Poland. Nineteen confirmed congenital cases of toxoplasmosis were analyzed, including both severe and asymptomatic cases. The genotype of parasite strains causing congenital infection was determined by direct PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Nested multiplex PCR analysis was used to type four independent polymorphic markers. The sensitivity of multiplex nested PCR was \u226525 parasites\/ml in amniotic fluid and cerebral spinal fluid samples. Parasite DNA was successfully amplified in 9 of 19 samples (eight severely affected and one asymptomatic fetus). Only genotype II parasites were identified as the source of\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            infection based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Strains causing congenital infections were also typed indirectly based on detection of antibodies to strain-specific peptides. Serotyping indicated that 12 of 15 cases tested were caused by type II strains and these positives included both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Overall, the combined analysis indicated that 14 of the cases were caused by type II strains. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that parasite burden is associated with severity of congenital toxoplasmosis and indicate that serological testing provides a promising method for genotypic analysis of toxoplasmosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.44.4.1382-1389.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,6]],"date-time":"2006-04-06T13:42:51Z","timestamp":1144330971000},"page":"1382-1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Genotyping of\n            <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n            by Multiplex PCR and Peptide-Based Serological Testing of Samples from Infants in Poland Diagnosed with Congenital Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Dorota","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 93110"},{"name":"Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Research Institute Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Colo\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California 94301"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack S.","family":"Remington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California 94301"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographical Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Microbiology &amp; Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3J5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Golab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wilczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Research Institute Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 93110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342663"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00349-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0223(200102)21:2<85::AID-PD18>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1566-1570.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"13","volume":"41","year":"1995","unstructured":"Golab, E. 1995. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in body fluids by polymerase chain reaction. Wiad. Parazytol.41:13-18.","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409153311102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00263-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"541","volume":"48","year":"2000","unstructured":"Honor\u00e9, S., A. Couvelard, Y. J. Garin, C. Bedel, D. H\u00e9nin, M. L. Dard\u00e9, and F. Derouin. 2000. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients. Pathol. Biol. (Paris)48:541-547.","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol. (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1411-1414.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joynson D. H. and T. J. Wreghitt. 2001. Toxoplasmosis: a comprehensive clinical guide. Cambridge University Press Cambridge England.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"190","volume":"29","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nowakowska, D., M. Respondek-Liberska, E. Golab, B. Stray-Pedersen, K. Szaflik, T. H. Dzbenski, and J. Wilczynski. 2005. Too late prenatal diagnosis of fetal toxoplasmosis: a case report. Fetal Diagn. Ther.29:190-193.","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"83","volume":"47","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nowakowska, D., M. Slaska, E. Kostrzewska, and J. Wilczynski. 2001. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody concentration in sera of pregnant women in the sample of L\u00f3dz population. Wiad. Parazytol.47(Suppl. 1):83-89.","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200001000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1912-1916.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"205","year":"2001","unstructured":"Remington, J. S., R. McLeod, P. Thulliez, and G. Desmonts. 2001. Toxoplasmosis, p. 205-346. In J. S. Remington and J. O. Klein (ed.), Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 5th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.09.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00206-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172117099"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1382-1389.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1382-1389.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T05:04:18Z","timestamp":1646456658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1382-1389.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1382-1389.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.44.4.1382-1389.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-01-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}