{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:08:58Z","timestamp":1793246938814,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Microbiol Biol Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dipstick urinalysis is an informative, quick, cost-effective and non-invasive diagnostic tool that is useful in clinical practice for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney diseases, and diabetes. We used dipstick urinalysis as a hands-on microbiology laboratory exercise to reinforce student learning about UTIs with a particular focus on cystitis, which is a common bacterial infection. To avoid exposure to potentially contaminated human urine samples, we prepared artificial urine using easily acquired and affordable ingredients, which allowed less-experienced students to perform urinalysis without the risk of exposure to pathogenic organisms and ensured reliable availability of the urine samples. This practical class taught medical students how to use urinalysis data in conjunction with medical history to diagnose diseases from urine samples and to determine a treatment plan for clinical scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jmbe.v18i2.1325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T08:30:21Z","timestamp":1506328221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Artificial Urine for Teaching Urinalysis Concepts and Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Latifa B.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Proft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"Handling human samples is worth the risk","volume":"18","author":"Ellis G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ellis G2004Handling human samples is worth the riskScientist187","journal-title":"Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4448909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00051.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2010.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4449071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4450032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","article-title":"Rediscovering urine chemistry\u2014and understanding its limitations","author":"Dumonceaux M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dumonceaux M, Gamez M2016Rediscovering urine chemistry\u2014and understanding its limitationsMed Lab Observerhttps:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/rediscovering-urine-chemistry%E2%80%94and-understanding-its-limitations","journal-title":"Med Lab Observer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.154672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"727630","article-title":"The alkaline diet: is there evidence that an alkaline pH diet benefits health?","author":"Schwalfenberg GK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwalfenberg GK2012The alkaline diet: is there evidence that an alkaline pH diet benefits health?J Environ Public Health2012727630","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microbiology &amp; 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