{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:38:04Z","timestamp":1773275884427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Microbiol Biol Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In seeking to support diversity, one challenge lies in adequately supporting and assessing science cognitions in a writing-intensive Biochemistry laboratory course when highly engaged Asian English language learners (Asian ELLs) struggle to communicate and make novice errors in English. Because they may understand advanced science concepts, but are not being adequately assessed for their deeper scientific understanding, we sought and examined interventions. We hypothesized that inquiry strategies, scaffolded learning through peer evaluation, and individualized tools that build writing communication skills would increase confidence. To assess scientific thinking, Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) software measured underlying analytic and cognitive features of writing despite grammatical errors. To determine whether interventions improved student experience or learning outcomes, we investigated a cross-sectional sample of cases within experimental groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 19) using a mixed-methods approach. Overall trends of paired t-tests from Asian ELLs\u2019 pre\/post surveys showed gains in six measures of writing confidence, with some statistically significant gains in confidence in writing skill (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.025) and in theory (<jats:italic>p\u2264<\/jats:italic>0.05). LIWC scores for Asian ELL and native-English-speaking students were comparable except for increased cognitive scores for Asian ELLs and detectable individual differences. An increase in Asian ELLs\u2019 cognitive scores in spring\/summer over fall was observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.04), likely as a result of greater cognitive processes with language use, inquiry-related interventions, and peer evaluation. Individual cases further elucidated challenges faced by Asian ELL students. LIWC scores of student writing may be useful in determining underlying understanding. Interventions designed to provide support and strengthen the writing of Asian ELL students may also improve their confidence in writing, even if improvement is gradual.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T12:30:17Z","timestamp":1528288217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interventions for Supporting and Assessing Science Writing Communication: Cases of Asian English Language Learners"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Beverly L.","family":"Smith-Keiling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Medical School and College of Biological Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia K.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Medical School and College of Biological Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Dehnbostel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"National Science Foundation National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics2017Women minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2017 Special report NSF 17-310 Arlington VAwww.nsf.gov\/statistics\/wmpd\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Engage to excel: producing one million additional college graduates with degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics","author":"President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology","year":"2012","unstructured":"President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology2012Engage to excel: producing one million additional college graduates with degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematicsPCASTWashington, DC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Musu-Gillette L de Brey C McFarland J Hussar W Sonnenberg W Wilkinson-Flicker S2017 Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2017 (NCES 2017\u2013051) US Department of Education National Center for Education StatisticsWashington DChttp:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubsearch"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.16-01-0059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.16-06-0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"The National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education; CARE2011Report The relevance of Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders in the college completion agenda http:\/\/care.gseis.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/2011_CARE_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"379","article-title":"Understanding the collegiate experience for Asian international students at a Midwestern research university","volume":"37","author":"Heggins WJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heggins WJ, Jackson JFL2003Understanding the collegiate experience for Asian international students at a Midwestern research universityColl Stud J37379391","journal-title":"Coll Stud J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230233690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Fisher RL2012 English writing suggestions for Chinese-speaking students http:\/\/bethune.yorku.ca\/files\/2012\/10\/WritingForChinese2012.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511519871"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Common errors in written English essays of form one Chinese students: a case study","volume":"10","author":"Darus S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Darus S, Ching KH2009Common errors in written English essays of form one Chinese students: a case studyEur J of Soc Sci102242253","journal-title":"Eur J of Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"The handbook of discourse analysis","author":"Biber D","year":"2001","unstructured":"Biber D, Conrad S2001Register variation: a corpus approach175196, Schiffrin D, Tannen D, Hamilton HEThe handbook of discourse analysisBlackwell PublishersMalden, MA, USA, and Oxford, UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Comprehension and teaching: research reviews","author":"Anderson RC","year":"1981","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Freebody P1981Vocabulary knowledge77117, Guthrie JTComprehension and teaching: research reviewsInternational Reading AssociationNewark, DE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Advances in reading\/language research: a research annual CT","author":"Anderson RC","year":"1983","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Freebody P1983Reading comprehension and the assessment and acquisition of word knowledge231256, Huston BAdvances in reading\/language research: a research annual CTJAI PressGreenwich, CT"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: theoretical and research issues","author":"Bos CS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bos CS, Anders PL, Swanson HL, Keogh BK1990Toward an interactive model: teaching text-based concepts to learning disabled students247261, Keogh B, Swanson HLLearning disabilities: theoretical and research issuesLawrence Erlbaum Associates, IncHillsdale, NJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09351676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2013.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deane P2011 Writing assessment and cognition (ETS Research Report RR-11-14) Educational Testing ServicePrinceton NJwww.ets.org\/Media\/Research\/pdf\/RR-11-14.pdf","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2333-8504.2011.tb02250.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59900-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"The handbook of discourse analysis","author":"Schiffrin D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schiffrin D, Tannen D, Hamilton HE2008The handbook of discourse analysisBlackwell PublishersMalden, MA, USA, and Oxford, UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266078413000254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"The secret life of pronouns what our words say about us","author":"Pennebaker JW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pennebaker JW2013The secret life of pronouns what our words say about usBloomsbury PressNew York, NY"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Foundations of health psychology","author":"Pennebaker JW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pennebaker JW, Chung CK2007Expressive writing, emotional upheavals and health263284Foundations of health psychologyOxford University PressNew York, NY"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195342819.013.0018","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of health psychology","author":"Pennebaker JW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pennebaker JW, Chung CK2012Expressive writing: connections to physical and mental health417439, Friedman HSThe Oxford handbook of health psychologyOxford University PressNew York, NY"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015","author":"Pennebaker JW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pennebaker JW, Boyd RL, Jordan K, Blackburn K2015The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000075"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.58680\/rte199415378","article-title":"Confidence and competence in writing: the role of self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and apprehension","volume":"28","author":"Pajares MF","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pajares MF, Johnson MJ1994Confidence and competence in writing: the role of self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and apprehensionRes Teach Engl283313331","journal-title":"Res Teach Engl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory","author":"Bandura A","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bandura A1986Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theoryPrentice HallEnglewood Cliffs, NJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-237X(199907)83:4<397::AID-SCE1>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"How people learn: brain, mind, experience, and school","author":"Bransford JD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bransford JD, Brown AL, Cocking RR2000How people learn: brain, mind, experience, and schoolThe National Academies PressWashington, DC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","volume-title":"Informing writing: the benefits of formative assessment: a Carnegie Corporation time to act report","author":"Graham S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Graham S, Harris KR, Hebert MA2011Informing writing: the benefits of formative assessment: a Carnegie Corporation time to act reportAlliance for Excellent EducationWashington, DC"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Using rubrics to promote thinking and learning","volume":"57","author":"Andrade H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andrade H2000Using rubrics to promote thinking and learningEduc Leadersh5751318","journal-title":"Educ Leadersh"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","article-title":"Student perspectives on rubric-referenced assessment","volume":"10","author":"Andrade H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andrade H, Du Y2005Student perspectives on rubric-referenced assessmentPract Assess Res Eval103http:\/\/pareonline.net\/getvn.asp?v=10&n=3","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2007.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1060-3743(02)00084-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310368802"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microbiology &amp; Biology Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T09:17:43Z","timestamp":1720343863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jmbe.v19i1.1522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7877","1935-7885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7877","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-7885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-12-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"19.1.50"}}