{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:09:48Z","timestamp":1761844188988},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccinia virus (VACV) stimulates long-term immunity against highly pathogenic orthopoxvirus infection of humans (smallpox) and mice (mousepox [ectromelia virus {ECTV}]) despite the lack of a natural host-pathogen relationship with either of these species. Previous research revealed that VACV is able to induce polyfunctional CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cell responses after immunization of humans. However, the degree to which the functional profile of T cells induced by VACV is similar to that generated during natural poxvirus infection remains unknown. In this study, we monitored virus-specific T-cell responses following the dermal infection of C57BL\/6 mice with ECTV or VACV. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we measured levels of degranulation, cytokine expression (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-\u03b1], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]), and the cytolytic mediator granzyme B. We observed that the functional capacities of T cells induced by VACV and ECTV were of a similar quality in spite of the markedly different replication abilities and pathogenic outcomes of these viruses. In general, a significant fraction (\u226550%) of all T-cell responses were positive for at least three functions both during acute infection and into the memory phase.<jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>killing assays revealed that CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells specific for both viruses were equally cytolytic (\u223c80% target cell lysis after 4 h), consistent with the similar levels of granzyme B and degranulation detected among these cells. Collectively, these data provide a mechanism to explain the ability of VACV to induce protective T-cell responses against pathogenic poxviruses in their natural hosts and provide further support for the use of VACV as a vaccine platform able to induce polyfunctional T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00038-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T00:16:40Z","timestamp":1335399400000},"page":"7298-7309","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparable Polyfunctionality of Ectromelia Virus- and Vaccinia Virus-Specific Murine T Cells despite Markedly Different<i>In Vivo<\/i>Replication and Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Hersperger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence C.","family":"Eisenlohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00265-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-4818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Mousepox in inbred mice innately resistant or susceptible to lethal infection with ectromelia virus. 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