{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:32:56Z","timestamp":1784590376928,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AI001254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AI001254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly pathogenic and lethal disease caused by Ebola virus\n      (EBOV). Endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa, EBOV has been causing global health concerns during\n      infrequent EVD outbreaks since 1976, particularly during the 2013 \u20132016 epidemic in\n      West Africa. Spread by contact of contaminated bodily fluids with mucous membranes or breaks\n      in the skin, EBOV yields an incredibly high mortality rate and, as a result, has been\n      designated a priority pathogen and a select agent to be studied exclusively in maximum\n      containment laboratories. EBOV has historically been studied in animal models that accurately\n      recapitulate disease progression, symptoms, and outcomes as seen in humans via more artificial\n      infection routes such as intramuscular (IM) and intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation. There has\n      recently been a concerted effort to characterize disease in animal models with mucosal\n      inoculation routes with the goal to more accurately replicate human infection and development\n      of EVD. This review aims to summarize and characterize the different inoculation routes used\n      in the various animal models applied in EBOV research. We also outline the differences in\n      disease progression between \u201cartificial\u201d and mucosal infection routes, comparing\n      them to the course of EVD as seen in humans to highlight similarities and differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00081-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1777900247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Ebola virus infection routes and resulting disease in animal     models"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"B. Ryder","family":"Gathright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0186-9587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2024. Ebola: outbreak history. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ebola\/outbreaks\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01154-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01888-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63591-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.04.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90058-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2478(01)00327-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35046108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga)\n      virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure","volume":"120","author":"Jaax NK","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jaax NK, Davis KJ, Geisbert TJ, Vogel P, Jaax GP, Topper M, Jahrling PB. 1996. Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120:140\u2013155.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.709772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Animal models of Ebolavirus infection","volume":"67","author":"Claire MC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Claire MC, Ragland DR, Bollinger L, Jahrling PB. 2017. Animal models of Ebolavirus infection. Comp Med 67:253\u2013262.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31027-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)92841-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00233-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-6-1365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03546-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02836-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilab011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00432-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00077-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.00081-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.00081-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:46:59Z","timestamp":1783514819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jvi.00081-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suchetana","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jvi.00081-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00081-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00081-26"}}