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Additionally, changes occur in viral and host gene expression, and immune cells are activated to modulate the infectious process.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies with keratinocytes cannot fully model the complex viral and host responses and do not reflect the contribution of local and migrating immune cells. We show that female C57BL\/6J mice are susceptible to a transient papillomavirus cervicovaginal infection, and mice deficient in select genes involved in innate immune responses are susceptible to persistent infection with variable manifestations of histopathological abnormalities. The results of our studies support a working model of innate immunity to papillomaviruses, and the model provides a framework for more in-depth studies. 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