{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:33:09Z","timestamp":1791282789563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Terminal differentiation of B cells and hypergammaglobulinemia are hallmarks of B-cell hyperactivity in HIV disease. Plasmablasts are terminally differentiating B cells that circulate transiently in the blood following infection or vaccination; however, in HIV infection, they arise early and are maintained at abnormally high levels in viremic individuals. Here we show that only a small fraction of plasmablasts in the blood of viremic individuals is HIV specific. Assessment of plasmablast immunoglobulin isotype distribution revealed increased IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    plasmablasts in early and most prominently during chronic HIV viremia, contrasting with a predominantly IgA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    plasmablast profile in HIV-negative individuals or in aviremic HIV-infected individuals on treatment. Of note, IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin isotype of plasmablasts that arise transiently in the blood following parenteral immunization. Serum immunoglobulin levels were also elevated in HIV-infected viremic individuals, especially IgG, and correlated with levels of IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    plasmablasts. Several soluble factors associated with immune activation were also increased in the sera of HIV-infected individuals, especially in viremic individuals, and correlated with serum immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgG. Thus, our data suggest that while plasmablasts in the blood may contribute to the HIV-specific immune response, the majority of these cells are not HIV specific and arise early, likely from indirect immune-activating effects of HIV replication, and reflect over time the effects of chronic antigenic stimulation. Such B-cell dysregulation may help explain why the antibody response is inadequate in HIV-infected individuals, even during early infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00094-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:25:54Z","timestamp":1363220754000},"page":"5800-5811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Characterization of Plasmablasts in the Blood of HIV-Infected Viremic Individuals: Evidence for Nonspecific Immune Activation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Clarisa M.","family":"Buckner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Moir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline G.","family":"Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Kardava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"IAVI Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Wook","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204773004941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200105250-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32828642c7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.8212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00079-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511094103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-031385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181347898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000191231.54170.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-013383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204322749576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.2.240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308253090803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201300343681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Hypergammaglobulinemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Reimer CB","year":"1988","unstructured":"ReimerCB BlackCM HolmanRC WellsTW RamirezRM Sa-FerreiraJA NicholsonJK McDougalJS. 1988. Hypergammaglobulinemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Monogr. Allergy 23:83\u201396.","journal-title":"Monogr. Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200312010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209060-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-285528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-153544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.018689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06075-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01543-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/526789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200212150-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01583-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118979109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.6.2154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832f00c0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01844-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1996.12.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014475618504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328303be2a","article-title":"Increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 plasma levels and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during antiretroviral therapy interruption and retention of elevated soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels following resumption of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Papasavvas E","year":"2008","unstructured":"PapasavvasE AzzoniL PistilliM HancockA ReynoldsG GalloC OndercinJ KostmanJR MounzerK ShullJ MontanerLJ. 2008. Increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 plasma levels and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during antiretroviral therapy interruption and retention of elevated soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels following resumption of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 22:1153\u20131161.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00105-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00094-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00094-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:29:29Z","timestamp":1646476169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00094-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00094-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00094-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-04-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}